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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pis'mennye pamiatniki Vostoka</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pis'mennye pamiatniki Vostoka</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Письменные памятники Востока</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-8062</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">100087</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55512/WMO100087</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research works</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Problem of Ontological Independence in Mahāyāna Bud-dhist Philosophy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблема онтологической самостоятельности в философии буддизма махаяны</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-9788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burmistrov</surname><given-names>Sergey L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурмистров</surname><given-names>Сергей Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Philosophy), Leading Researcher, Section of South Asian Studies of the Department of Central and South Asian Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник сектора Южной Азии Отдела Центральной и Южной Азии</p></bio><email>SLBurmistrov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Manuscripts RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт восточных рукописей РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Письменные памятники Востока</issue-title><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Burmistrov S.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Бурмистров С.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Burmistrov S.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бурмистров С.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1811-8062/article/view/100087">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1811-8062/article/view/100087</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The concept of self-existence or ontological independence (<italic>svabhāva</italic>) is one of the fundamental concepts in Buddhist philosophy. Its sense is similar to the concept of substance in early modern Western philosophy. In Hīnayāna schools, dharmas (elementary psycho-physiological states) are considered to be self-existent, and wisdom is the comprehension of any existence as the flow of momentary (<italic>kṣāṇika</italic>) dharmas. The teaching of Madhyamaka, the first Mahāyāna school founded by Nāgārjuna (2nd–3rd centuries A.D.), is based on the postulate of emptiness (<italic>śūnyatā</italic>) of all dharmas, which means that a dharma has no referent on the level of the absolute truth. According to Madhyamaka, the interpretation of enlightenment as the knowledge of the true reality proceeds from the assumption of reality of the difference between the subject and the object. But this assumption itself has a meaning only on the level of relative truth and is empty on the level of the absolute truth. The method used by Nāgārjuna and his commentator Candrakīrti (7th c.) for the demonstration of emptiness of all concepts and conceptual constructions is their reduction to absurdity and proof of their essential contradictoriness. The concept of ontological independence is the same: if everything is bound by the law of dependent origination, then everything exists only by something other and cannot be self-existent. But if there is nothing self-existent, then the opposite concept—other-dependent (<italic>niḥsvabhāva</italic>) also loses its sense, for, according to the Buddhist doctrine, the postulation of an <italic>A</italic> in the same time means the postulation of a not-<italic>A</italic>. Yogācāra, the other Mahāyāna school, formulated the conception of three natures (<italic>trisvabhāva</italic>): constructed, dependent and absolute. But the really self-existent among them is only the last one, identical with the true reality (<italic>tathatā</italic>). The store-consciousness, or the fundamental consciousness and the basis of all other forms and levels of individual consciousness, is full of real and potential afflictions and intellectual and behavioral dispositions. They all must be removed from the store consciousness, and only this will be the final liberation. In the moment of enlightenment, the difference between the true reality and the store consciousness disappears, for this difference, like any other, is a conceptual construction generated by unenlightened consciousness and therefore ontologically dependent.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Понятие самобытия или онтологической самостоятельности (svabhāva) — одно из фундаментальных в буддийской философии, по смыслу сходное с понятием субстанции в новоевропейской философской мысли. В хинаянских школах самосущими считаются дхармы (элементарные психофизические состояния), а мудрость состоит в постижении реальности как потока постоянно сменяющих друг друга мгновенно-существующих (kṣāṇika) дхарм. Основанная Нагарджуной (II–III вв.) школа мадхьямака — исторически первая махаянская школа — опирается на постулат пустоты (śūnyatā) всех дхарм, т.е. отсутствия у понятия дхармы референта на уровне абсолютной истины. Понимание просветления как познания истинной реальности исходит, согласно мадхьямаке, из допущения различия субъекта и объекта. Однако само это допущение имеет смысл только на уровне относительной истины, на уровне же истины абсолютной оно пусто. Метод, который используют Нагарджуна и его комментатор Чандракирти (VII в.) для доказательства пустоты понятий и концептуальных конструкций, представляет собой сведение их к абсурду, демонстрацию их неустранимой внутренней противоречивости. Таково же и понятие онтологической самостоятельности: если всё связано законом взаимозависимого возникновения, — значит, всё существует лишь благодаря другому, т.е. не является самосущим. Но если нет ничего самосущего, то теряет смысл и противоположное понятие — несамосущего (niḥsvabhāva), так как, согласно буддийской логике, постулирование любого <italic>А</italic> означает вместе с тем и постулирование не-<italic>А</italic>. В другой махаянской школе — йогачаре было сформулировано учение о трех природах (trisvabhāva) — воображаемой, зависимой и абсолютной, однако самосущая — лишь последняя из них, тождественная истинной реальности (tathatā). Сознание-сокровищница — фундаментальное сознание, с опорой на которое возникают все другие уровни и формы индивидуального сознания, — полно реальных и потенциальных аффектов и кармически обусловленных мыслительных и поведенческих диспозиций. Все они должны быть устранены из сознания-сокровищницы — лишь это и будет окончательным просветлением. В момент просветления различие между истинной реальностью и сознанием-сокровищницей исчезает, ибо это различие, как и любое другое, представляет собой концептуальную конструкцию, порожденную непросветленным сознанием, а значит, онтологически несамостоятельно.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>religious and philosophical systems of ancient and medieval India</kwd><kwd>Mahāyāna</kwd><kwd>Madhyamaka</kwd><kwd>Yogācāra</kwd><kwd>ontology</kwd><kwd>the concept of substance</kwd><kwd>Nāgārjuna</kwd><kwd>Asanga</kwd><kwd>Sanskrit</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>религиозно-философские системы древней и средневековой Индии</kwd><kwd>махаяна</kwd><kwd>мадхьямака</kwd><kwd>йогачара</kwd><kwd>онтология</kwd><kwd>понятие субстанции</kwd><kwd>Нагарджуна</kwd><kwd>Асанга</kwd><kwd>санскрит</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Androsov, Valery P. 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