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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pis'mennye pamiatniki Vostoka</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pis'mennye pamiatniki Vostoka</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Письменные памятники Востока</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-8062</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">106923</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55512/WMO106923</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>History and historiography</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Историография и источниковедение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">On the Classification and Formal Elements of Persian Documents of the Safavid Era</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>О классификации и элементах оформления персидских документов эпохи Сафавидов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3140-2139</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56769776800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-7653-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5677-8870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yastrebova</surname><given-names>Olga M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ястребова</surname><given-names>Ольга Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Research Fellow, National Library of Russia, Manuscript Department; St. Petersburg State University, Institute of History, Leading Research Fellow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Отдела рукописей РНБ; ведущий научный сотрудник Института истории СПбГУ</p></bio><email>yastolg@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian National Library</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская национальная библиотека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский Государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-10-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-07-14"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Yastrebova O.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Ястребова О.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yastrebova O.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ястребова О.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1811-8062/article/view/106923">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1811-8062/article/view/106923</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the analysis of written sources covering the bureaucratic procedures of the Safavid era and containing practical instructions on the preparation of official documents. These are, first of all, two well-known manuals on the structure of the state apparatus and its management, <italic>Tazkirat al-muluk</italic> and <italic>Dastur al-muluk</italic>, as well as less studied, although extremely informative texts—a hand-written <italic>munsha’at</italic> manual housed in the Library and Museum of Malek, and a notebook (<italic>bayaz</italic>) of records about various features of the external design of decrees and letters sent to various persons, including the rulers of India, the Ottoman Empire, the states of Central Asia, the Pope and the monarchs of European states. With the help of these sources, the main types of documents issued by the Safavid divan and the characteristic features of the external design corresponding to each type are identified. They include elements such as the <italic>‘unwan</italic>, the <italic>tugra</italic> and the seal. The types of documents identified on the basis of these sources correspond to the official records of Safavid diplomatics that have survived to this day. The information obtained is used for the analysis of recently identified and published original Persian documents from the RSAAA collections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье анализируются письменные источники, освещающие бюрократические процедуры сафавидской эпохи и содержащие практические инструкции по оформлению официальных документов. Это прежде всего два широко известных руководства по устройству государственного аппарата и управлению им — «Тазкират ал-мулук» и «Дастур ал-мулук», а также менее изученные, хотя и чрезвычайно информативные тексты — руководство-<italic>мунша’ат</italic> в рукописи, хранящейся в Библиотеке и музее Малека, и тетрадь (<italic>байаз</italic>), в которой записывались различные особенности внешнего оформления указов и грамот, направленных разным лицам, в том числе правителям Индии, Османской империи, государств Средней Азии, Римскому папе и монархам европейских государств. На этой основе выявляются основные типы документов, издававшихся сафавидским диваном, а также характерные особенности внешнего оформления, соответствующие каждому типу. Эти особенности включают в себя такие элементы, как <italic>‘</italic><italic>унван</italic>, <italic>тугра</italic> и печать. Для выявленных на основании этих источников типов документов находятся соответствия среди сохранившихся до наших дней памятников сафавидской дипломатики. Полученные сведения привлекаются для анализа недавно введенных в научный оборот оригинальных персидских документов из фондов РГАДА.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Persian diplomatics</kwd><kwd>archival documents</kwd><kwd>the Safavids</kwd><kwd>RSAAA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>персидская дипломатика</kwd><kwd>архивные документы</kwd><kwd>Сафавиды</kwd><kwd>РГАДА</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation. Project No. 18-78-10052-П “The Documentary History of the Russian Strand of Safavid Diplomacy (1501–1722)”</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Проект поддержан грантом РНФ № 18-78-10052-П «Документальная история русского направления дипломатии Сефевидов (1501–1722 гг.)»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afshar, Iraj. “Bayaz-i Safavi: Adab-i nama-nigari-yi padshahan-i Safavi ba saran-i sarzaminha-yi digar” [Bayaz-i Safavi: Epistolary Arts and Customs of the Safavids]. Nameh-ye Baharestan, 1386–1387 (2008), no. 13–14, pp. 23–74 (in Persian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афшар 2008 — Афшар И. 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