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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pis'mennye pamiatniki Vostoka</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pis'mennye pamiatniki Vostoka</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Письменные памятники Востока</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-8062</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641612</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55512/WMO641612</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research works</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The “Four Parts” of Speech in the Ṛgveda and Subsequent Tradition</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Четыре части» речи в «Ригведе» и последующей традиции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7890-2061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Desnitskaya</surname><given-names>Evgeniya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Десницкая</surname><given-names>Евгения Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Philosophy), Researcher, Section of South Asian Studies, the Department of Central Asian and South Asian Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат философских наук, научный сотрудник сектора Южной Азии Отдела Центральной и Южной Азии</p></bio><email>khecari@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт восточных рукописей РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Desnitskaya E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Десницкая Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Desnitskaya E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Десницкая Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1811-8062/article/view/641612">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1811-8062/article/view/641612</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The “four quarters” or “four parts” of speech appear in the <italic>Ṛgveda</italic> I.164.45. This hymn, also known as the “riddle-hymn” is notorious for its obscurity. In the context of the hymn, speech described as divided into four parts or standing on four feet refers to the mythological representation of speech as a cow that satisfies all desires. However, in the more recent tradition, the “four parts” of speech were interpreted differently. The <italic>Śatapathabrāhmaṇa</italic> and the <italic>Nirukta</italic> identify them with languages of different creatures or with different types of sounds. The Grammarians interpreted “four quarters” as four morphological parts of speech, i.e. the noun, the verb, the preposition and the particle. The identification of the “four parts” with the levels of speech in Bhartṛhari’s philosophy occurs for the first time in this tradition as late as in the works of Nāgeśa Bhaṭṭa (18th century). However, four centuries earlier, the same identification was made by Sāyaṇa. Following some tantric views, Sāyaṇa identified the levels of speech with <italic>cakras</italic> and described the unfolding of speech from the supreme (<italic>parā</italic>) to the articulated (<italic>vaikharī</italic>) as the successive rise of <italic>prāṇa</italic> in the human body.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается представление о «четырех частях» или «четырех четвертях» речи, впервые упомянутое в «Ригведе» I.164.45. Интерпретация строф этого гимна, известного также как «гимн-загадка», заведомо проблематична. В контексте самого «гимна-загадки» образ речи, разделенной на четыре части либо же стоящей на четырех ногах, отсылает к отождествлению речи с коровой, исполняющей желания. Однако в последующей традиции этот образ получил иное наполнение. В ранних комментариях (в «Шатапатха-брахмане» и в «Нирукте») четыре части речи связываются с языками различных существ или с различными типами физических звуков. Грамматисты на протяжении веков интерпретировали «четверти» как четыре морфологические части речи: имя, глагол, приставку/предлог и частицу. Примечательно, что соотнесение «четырех четвертей» с представлением об уровнях речи, восходящем к философии Бхартрихари (V в. н.э.), впервые в рамках грамматической традиции было произведено только Нагешей Бхаттой в XVIII в. Вне грамматической традиции отождествление «четвертей» и уровней речи встречается в комментариях Саяны (XIV в.). Интерпретация Саяны интересна также и тем, что он, вероятно, следуя учению тантр, соотносит уровни речи с <italic>чакрами</italic> и описывает последовательный подъем <italic>праны</italic> в человеческом теле в процессе разворачивания речи от высшей (parā) до артикулированной (vaikharī)<italic>.</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ṛgveda</kwd><kwd>brahmodya</kwd><kwd>speech</kwd><kwd>Indian Grammatical tradition</kwd><kwd>Nirukta</kwd><kwd>Bhartṛhari</kwd><kwd>Sāyaṇa</kwd><kwd>cakras</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«Ригведа»</kwd><kwd>брахмодья</kwd><kwd>речь</kwd><kwd>индийская грамматическая традиция</kwd><kwd>нирукта</kwd><kwd>Бхартрихари</kwd><kwd>Саяна</kwd><kwd>чакры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avalon, Arthur (ed.). Śāradā-tilaka Tantram. 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