Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal ChemistryAnti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal ChemistryAnti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry1871-52061875-5992Bentham Science64407110.2174/0118715206321859240827045546OncologyResearch ArticleMolecular Activities and Mechanisms of Action of Substances and Molecules from Medicinal Plants from Sub-Saharan Africa on Prostate and Cervical Cancer CellsCoulibalyLiz Laetitiainfo@benthamscience.netBayalaBagorainfo@benthamscience.netSimporeJacquesinfo@benthamscience.netLaboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO1510202424201467148207012025Copyright ©; 2024, Bentham Science Publishers2024Bentham Science Publishershttps://journals.eco-vector.com/1871-5206/article/view/644071

Background:Despite years of medical research, cancer remains a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in Africa. The cost, duration, and toxicity of currently available treatments are all drawbacks. Plant secondary metabolites are significant anticancer compounds. Already used in traditional health systems, plants are currently the subject of numerous studies to discover new anti-cancer drugs.

Objective:This review assesses the literature on the cytotoxic effect of plant substances (extracts) and molecules on prostate and cervical cancer cell lines.

Methods:PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to find in vitro studies carried out between 2006 and 2023 related to the cytotoxicity of extracts, substances and/or molecules from plants harvested in sub- Saharan Africa against prostate and/or cervical cancer cell lines.

Results:A total of 36 reports on the cytotoxic potential of 96 medicinal plants from sub-Saharan Africa were extracted from the selected databases. All the plants listed had a cytotoxic effect on prostate and/or cervical cancer cells. Some plant extracts or molecules showed significant activity with an IC50< 20 µg/ml. Burkina Faso and South Africa had the most plant extracts tested for prostate and cervical cancer, respectively.

Conclusion:A total of 36 reports on the cytotoxic potential of 96 medicinal plants from sub-Saharan Africa were extracted from the selected databases.

Plantsmoleculesprostate cancercervical cancermechanismssub-Saharan Africa.de Giffoni de Carvalho, J.T.; da Silva Baldivia, D.; Leite, D.F.; de Araújo, L.C.A.; de Toledo Espindola, P.P.; Antunes, K.A.; Rocha, P.S.; de Picoli Souza, K.; dos Santos, E.L. Medicinal plants from brazilian cerrado: Antioxidant and anticancer potential and protection against chemotherapy toxicity. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2019, 2019, 1-16. doi: 10.1155/2019/3685264 PMID: 31534620Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global cancer statistics 2020: Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2021, 71(3), 209-249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660 PMID: 33538338Seca, A.; Pinto, D. Plant secondary metabolites as anticancer agents: successes in clinical trials and therapeutic application. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(1), 263. Epub ahead of print doi: 10.3390/ijms19010263 PMID: 29337925Gaobotse, G.; Venkataraman, S.; Brown, P.D.; Masisi, K.; Kwape, T.E.; Nkwe, D.O.; Rantong, G.; Makhzoum, A. The use of African medicinal plants in cancer management. Front. Pharmacol., 2023, 14, 1122388. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122388 PMID: 36865913Rebbeck, T.R. Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Science, 2020, 367(6473), 27-28. doi: 10.1126/science.aay4743 PMID: 31896706Musekiwa, A.; Moyo, M.; Mohammed, M. Mapping evidence on the burden of breast, cervical, and prostate cancers in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Front. Public Heal., 2022, 10, 908302.Ngwa, W.; Addai, B.W.; Adewole, I.; Ainsworth, V.; Alaro, J.; Alatise, O.I.; Ali, Z.; Anderson, B.O.; Anorlu, R.; Avery, S.; Barango, P.; Bih, N.; Booth, C.M.; Brawley, O.W.; Dangou, J.M.; Denny, L.; Dent, J.; Elmore, S.N.C.; Elzawawy, A.; Gashumba, D.; Geel, J.; Graef, K.; Gupta, S.; Gueye, S.M.; Hammad, N.; Hessissen, L.; Ilbawi, A.M.; Kambugu, J.; Kozlakidis, Z.; Manga, S.; Maree, L.; Mohammed, S.I.; Msadabwe, S.; Mutebi, M.; Nakaganda, A.; Ndlovu, N.; Ndoh, K.; Ndumbalo, J.; Ngoma, M.; Ngoma, T.; Ntizimira, C.; Rebbeck, T.R.; Renner, L.; Romanoff, A.; Rubagumya, F.; Sayed, S.; Sud, S.; Simonds, H.; Sullivan, R.; Swanson, W.; Vanderpuye, V.; Wiafe, B.; Kerr, D. Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a Lancet Oncology Commission. Lancet Oncol., 2022, 23(6), e251-e312. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00720-8 PMID: 35550267Kingham, T.P.; Alatise, O.I.; Vanderpuye, V.; Casper, C.; Abantanga, F.A.; Kamara, T.B.; Olopade, O.I.; Habeebu, M.; Abdulkareem, F.B.; Denny, L. Treatment of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Oncol., 2013, 14(4), e158-e167. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70472-2 PMID: 23561747Sagbo, I.J.; Otang-Mbeng, W. Plants used for the traditional management of cancer in the eastern cape province of south africa: a review of ethnobotanical surveys, ethnopharmacological studies and active phytochemicals. Molecules, 2021, 26(15), 4639. doi: 10.3390/molecules26154639 PMID: 34361790Arruebo, M.; Vilaboa, N.; Sáez-Gutierrez, B.; Lambea, J.; Tres, A.; Valladares, M.; González-Fernández, Á. Assessment of the evolution of cancer treatment therapies. Cancers (Basel), 2011, 3(3), 3279-3330. doi: 10.3390/cancers3033279 PMID: 24212956Efferth, T.; Saeed, M.E.M.; Mirghani, E.; Alim, A.; Yassin, Z.; Saeed, E.; Khalid, H.E.; Daak, S. Integration of phytochemicals and phytotherapy into cancer precision medicine. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(30), 50284-50304. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17466 PMID: 28514737Bouyahya, A.; Abrini, J.; Bakri, Y.; Dakka, N. Les huiles essentielles comme agents anticancéreux: actualité sur le mode d’action. Phytotherapie, 2018, 16(5), 254-267. doi: 10.1007/s10298-016-1058-zBray, F.; Parkin, D.M.; Gnangnon, F.; Tshisimogo, G.; Peko, J-F.; Adoubi, I.; Assefa, M.; Bojang, L.; Awuah, B.; Koulibaly, M.; Buziba, N.; Korir, A.; Dzamalala, C.; Kamate, B.; Manraj, S.; Ferro, J.; Lorenzoni, C.; Hansen, R.; Nouhou, H.; Ogunbiyi, O.; Igbinoba, F.; Ekanem, I.; Omonisi, A.; Chirpaz, E.; Uwinkindi, F.; Finesse, A.; Somdyala, N.; Singh, E.; Dlamini, X.; Masalu, N.; Serventi, F.; Mrema, C.; Wabinga, H.; Ogwang, M.; Chiwele, L.; Borok, M.; Chingonzoh, T. Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a review of current estimates of the national burden, data gaps, and future needs. Lancet Oncol., 2022, 23(6), 719-728. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00270-4 PMID: 35550275Compaore, S.; Ouedraogo, C.M.R.; Koanda, S.; Haynatzki, G.; Chamberlain, R.M.; Soliman, A.S. Barriers to cervical cancer screening in burkina faso: needs for patient and professional education. J. Cancer Educ., 2016, 31(4), 760-766. doi: 10.1007/s13187-015-0898-9 PMID: 26336956Okonkwo, D.; Kerna, N.; Brown, T. Cervical cancer prevention and treatment: a succinct review. MOJ Public Heal., 2018, 7(1), 00199. doi: 10.15406/mojph.2018.07.00199De Vuyst, H.; Alemany, L.; Lacey, C.; Chibwesha, C.J.; Sahasrabuddhe, V.; Banura, C.; Denny, L.; Parham, G.P. The burden of human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in sub-saharan Africa. Vaccine, 2013, 31(0 5)(Suppl. 5), F32-F46. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.092 PMID: 24331746Yimer, N.B.; Mohammed, M.A.; Solomon, K.; Tadese, M.; Grutzmacher, S.; Meikena, H.K.; Alemnew, B.; Sharew, N.T.; Habtewold, T.D. Cervical cancer screening uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 2021, 195, 105-111. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.04.014 PMID: 34082174Bosland, M.C.; Shittu, O.B.; Ikpi, E.E. Potential new approaches for prostate cancer management in resource-limited countries in Africa. Ann. Glob. Health, 2023, 89, 14.Michalski, J.M.; Pisansky, T.M.; Lawton, C.A. Prostate Cancer. Clinical Radiation Oncology, 3rd ed; Gunderson, L.L.; Tepper, J.E., Eds.; e51-e1.Komakech, R.; Kang, Y.; Lee, J.H.; Omujal, F. A review of the potential of phytochemicals from Prunus africana (Hook f.) kalkman stem bark for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2017, 2017(1), 3014019. doi: 10.1155/2017/3014019 PMID: 28286531Turner, B.; Drudge-Coates, L. Prostate cancer: risk factors, diagnosis and management. Cancer Nursing Practice, 2010, 9(10), 29-36. doi: 10.7748/cnp2010.12.9.10.29.c8126Jaratlerdsiri, W.; Jiang, J.; Gong, T.; Patrick, S.M.; Willet, C.; Chew, T.; Lyons, R.J.; Haynes, A.M.; Pasqualim, G.; Louw, M.; Kench, J.G.; Campbell, R.; Horvath, L.G.; Chan, E.K.F.; Wedge, D.C.; Sadsad, R.; Brum, I.S.; Mutambirwa, S.B.A.; Stricker, P.D.; Bornman, M.S.R.; Hayes, V.M. African-specific molecular taxonomy of prostate cancer. Nature, 2022, 609(7927), 552-559. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05154-6 PMID: 36045292Cassell, A.; Yunusa, B.; Jalloh, M.; Ndoye, M.; Mbodji, M.M.; Diallo, A.; Kouka, S.C.; Labou, I.; Niang, L.; Gueye, S.M. Management of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer: a need for a sub-saharan guideline. J. Oncol., 2019, 2019, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2019/1785428 PMID: 31885569Ondo, C.Z.; Ndiath, A.; Sarr, A.; Thiam, A.; Sine, B.; Sow, O.; Ndour, N.S.; Diao, B.; Fall, P.A.; Ndoye, A.K. Metastatic prostate cancer: clinical aspects and treatment limitations in a university hospital center in Senegal. Afr. J. Urol., 2021, 27(1), 121. doi: 10.1186/s12301-021-00223-0Moyo, M.; Aremu, A.O.; Van Staden, J. Medicinal plants: An invaluable, dwindling resource in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2015, 174, 595-606. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.034 PMID: 25929451Sawadogo, W.R.; Schumacher, M.; Teiten, M.H.; Dicato, M.; Diederich, M. Traditional West African pharmacopeia, plants and derived compounds for cancer therapy. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2012, 84(10), 1225-1240. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.021 PMID: 22846603Oyebode, O.T.; Owumi, S.E.; Oyelere, A.K.; Olorunsogo, O.O. Calliandra portoricensis Benth exhibits anticancer effects via alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and growth arrest in prostate LNCaP cells. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 233, 64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.020 PMID: 30580026Fadeyi, S.A.; Fadeyi, O.O.; Adejumo, A.A.; Okoro, C.; Myles, E.L. In vitro anticancer screening of 24 locally used Nigerian medicinal plants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2013, 13(1), 79. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-79 PMID: 23565862Kassim, O.O.; Copeland, R.L.; Kenguele, H.M.; Nekhai, S.; Ako-Nai, K.A.; Kanaan, Y.M. Antiproliferative activities of Fagara xanthoxyloides and Pseudocedrela kotschyi against prostate cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res., 2015, 35(3), 1453-1458. PMID: 25750297Mfengwana, P.H.; Mashele, S.S.; Manduna, I.T. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis of Asparagus laricinus Burch. and Senecio asperulus DC. on breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Heliyon, 2019, 5(5), e01666. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01666 PMID: 31193085Gade, I.S.; Richard, T.S.; Chadeneau, C.; Seite, P.; Vannier, B.; Atchade, A.T.; Seke, E.P.F.; Talla, E.; Nwabo Kamdje, A.H.; Muller, J.M. Anticancer activity of Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm on glioblastoma and prostate cancer cell lines. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2021, 22(4), 1087-1093. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.4.1087 PMID: 33906300Pieme, C.A.; Ambassa, P.; Yankep, E.; Saxena, A.K. Epigarcinol and isogarcinol isolated from the root of Garcinia ovalifolia induce apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60 cells). BMC Res. Notes, 2015, 8(1), 700. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1596-8 PMID: 26592743Dzoyem, J.P.; Guru, S.K.; Pieme, C.A.; Kuete, V.; Sharma, A.; Khan, I.A.; Saxena, A.K.; Vishwakarma, R.A. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of selected Cameroonian edible plants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2013, 13(1), 78. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-78 PMID: 23565827Bayala, B.; Coulibaly, L.L.; Djigma, F.; Bunay, J.; Yonli, A.; Traore, L.; Baron, S.; Figueredo, G.; Simpore, J.; Lobaccaro, J.M.A. Chemical composition of essential oil of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) spreng from burkina faso, and effects against prostate and cervical cancer cell lines. Molecules, 2023, 28(11), 4561. doi: 10.3390/molecules28114561 PMID: 37299034Coulibaly, L.L.; Bayala, B.; Zongo, L.; Zongo, P.F.I.; Ouedraogo, E.; Djigma, F.W.; Yonli, A.; Baron, S.; Figueredo, G.; Lobaccaro, J-M.; Simpore, J. Chemical composition and antiproliferative activity on prostate and cervical cancer cell lines of Lantana camara Linn. essential oil. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2023, 17(2), 293-303. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.1Bangou, M.J.; Thiombiano, A.M.E.; Ouedraogo, M.H.S. Inhibition of prostate cancer by plant extracts used in the treatment of malaria in Burkina Faso. GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci., 2022, 19(3), 100-108. doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2022.19.3.0209Bayala, B.; Bassole, I.H.N.; Gnoula, C.; Nebie, R.; Yonli, A.; Morel, L.; Figueredo, G.; Nikiema, J.B.; Lobaccaro, J.M.A.; Simpore, J. Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of essential oils of plants from Burkina Faso. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3), e92122. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092122 PMID: 24662935Bangou, M.J.; Coulidiati, T.H.; Nacoulma, A.P. Antitumoral effect of Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. methanolic extract is mediated by alterations on procaspase-3 and cyclin B expression in prostate cancer cell lines. JPP, 2022, 14, 1-7.Bayala, B.; Zohoncon, T.M.; Djigma, F.W.; Nadembega, C.; Baron, S.; Lobaccaro, J-M.; Simpore, J. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities on prostate and cervical cultured cancer cells of five medicinal plant extracts from Burkina Faso. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2020, 14(3), 652-663. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.1Bayala, B.; Coulibaly, A.Y.; Djigma, F.W.; Nagalo, B.M.; Baron, S.; Figueredo, G.; Lobaccaro, J.M.A.; Simpore, J. Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus, a plant used in traditional medicine. Biomol. Concepts, 2020, 11(1), 86-96. doi: 10.1515/bmc-2020-0007 PMID: 32304294Bayala, B.; Bassolé, I.H.N.; Maqdasy, S.; Baron, S.; Simpore, J.; Lobaccaro, J.M.A. Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils have cytotoxic effects on tumor cell cultures. Identification of citral as a new putative anti-proliferative molecule. Biochimie, 2018, 153, 162-170. Epub ahead of print doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.02.013 PMID: 29501481Appiah-opong, R.; Asante, I.K.; Safo, D.O. Cytotoxic effects of albizia zygia (dc) j. f. macbr, a ghanaian medicinal plant, against human t-lymphoblast-like leukemia, prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Int. Pharm. J., 2016, 8(5), 392-396.Kaigongi, M.M.; Lukhoba, C.W.; Yaouba, S.; Makunga, N.P.; Githiomi, J.; Yenesew, A. In vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of the root bark extract and isolated chemical constituents of Zanthoxylum paracanthum kokwaro (Rutaceae). Plants, 2020, 9(7), 920. doi: 10.3390/plants9070920 PMID: 32708115Moga, D.K.; Adipo, N.; Matu, E.N. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss extracts against cancer cell lines: An experimental study. Afr. J. Health Sci., 2021, 34, 650-656.Berrington, D.; Lall, N. Anticancer activity of certain herbs and spices on the cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cell line. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2012, 2012, 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2012/564927 PMID: 22649474Badmus, J.A.; Ekpo, O.E.; Hussein, A.A.; Meyer, M.; Hiss, D.C. Antiproliferative and apoptosis induction potential of the methanolic leaf extract of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don). Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 2015, 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2015/756482 PMID: 25861368Lukhele, S.T.; Motadi, L.R. Cannabidiol rather than Cannabis sativa extracts inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2016, 16(1), 335. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1280-0 PMID: 27586579Koduru, S.; Grierson, D.S.; van de Venter, M.; Afolayan, A.J. Anticancer activity of steroid alkaloids isolated from Solanum aculeastrum. Pharm. Biol., 2007, 45(8), 613-618. doi: 10.1080/13880200701538690Twilley, D.; Langhansová, L.; Palaniswamy, D.; Lall, N. Evaluation of traditionally used medicinal plants for anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral (HPV-1) activity. S. Afr. J. Bot., 2017, 112, 494-500. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.05.021Soyingbe, O.S.; Mongalo, N.I.; Makhafola, T.J. In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. F.) Chiov and Curtisia dentata (Burm. F.) C.A.Sm - medicinal plants used in South Africa. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 2018, 18(1), 315. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2378-3 PMID: 30497461Tonisi, S.; Okaiyeto, K.; Mabinya, L.V.; Okoh, A.I. Evaluation of bioactive compounds, free radical scavenging and anticancer activities of bulb extracts of Boophone disticha from Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 2020, 27(12), 3559-3569. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.028 PMID: 33304167Nabere, O.; Alphonsine, R.T.; Samson, G.; Zaib, S.; Nag-Tiero Roland, M.; Kiessoun, K.; Iqbal, J.; Adama, H.; Martin, K. Cytotoxicity potential of Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) spreng extracts against cervical cancer cell lines. Saudi J. Biomed. Res., 2019, 4(12), 439-443. doi: 10.36348/sjbr.2019.v04i12.008Kuete, V. Anticancer Activities of African Medicinal Spices and Vegetables. In: Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa; Academic Press, 2017.Majoumouo, M.S.; Tincho, M.B.; Kouipou Toghueo, R.M.; Morris, T.; Hiss, D.C.; Boyom, F.F.; Mandal, C. Cytotoxicity potential of endophytic fungi extracts from Terminalia catappa against human cervical cancer cells. J. Toxicol., 2020, 2020, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2020/8871152 PMID: 33029139Nayim, P.; Sudhir, K.; Mbaveng, A.T.; Kuete, V.; Sanjukta, M. In vitro anticancer activity of Imperata cylindrica root’s extract toward human cervical cancer and identification of potential bioactive compounds. BioMed. Res. Int., 2021, 2021, 1-12. doi: 10.1155/2021/4259777 PMID: 34708121Kuete, V.; Wabo, H.K.; Eyong, K.O.; Feussi, M.T.; Wiench, B.; Krusche, B.; Tane, P.; Folefoc, G.N.; Efferth, T. Anticancer activities of six selected natural compounds of some Cameroonian medicinal plants. PLoS One, 2011, 6(8), e21762. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021762 PMID: 21886765Kouassi, E.K.; Ouattara, S.; Seguin, C.; Fournel, S.; Frisch, B. Etude de quelques proprietes biologiques de Ocimum gratissimum L., une lamiaceae recoltee a daloa (Côte d’Ivoire). Eur. Sci. J., 2018, 14(3), 477. Epub ahead of print doi: 10.19044/esj.2018.v14n3p477Mbaoji, F.N.; Behnisch-Cornwell, S.; Ezike, A.C.; Nworu, C.S.; Bednarski, P.J. Pharmacological evaluation of the anticancer activity of extracts and fractions of Lannea barteri oliv. (Anacardiaceae) on Adherent Human Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules, 2020, 25(4), 849. doi: 10.3390/molecules25040849 PMID: 32075139Eze, F.I.; Siwe-Noundou, X.; Isaacs, M. Anti-cancer and anti-trypanosomal properties of alkaloids from the root bark of Zanthoxylum leprieurii guill and perr. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2020, 19, 2377-2383.Fyhrquist, P.; Mwasumbi, L.; Vuorela, P.; Vuorela, H.; Hiltunen, R.; Murphy, C.; Adlercreutz, H. Preliminary antiproliferative effects of some species of Terminalia, Combretum and Pteleopsis collected in Tanzania on some human cancer cell lines. Fitoterapia, 2006, 77(5), 358-366. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.05.017 PMID: 16797142Harris, S. Tropical forests ⋅ Woody legumes (excluding Acacias). In: Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences; Burley, J., Ed.; 1793-1797.Usman, M.; Khan, W.R.; Yousaf, N.; Akram, S.; Murtaza, G.; Kudus, K.A.; Ditta, A.; Rosli, Z.; Rajpar, M.N.; Nazre, M. Exploring the phytochemicals and anti-cancer potential of the members of fabaceae family: A comprehensive review. Molecules, 2022, 27(12), 3863. doi: 10.3390/molecules27123863 PMID: 35744986Das, A.; Akshayakumar, B.; Rout, G. Molecular characterization and genetic diversity assessment of ten plant species under family Combretaceae using ISSR markers. Res. J. Biotechnol., 2020, 15, 11-18.Zhang, X.R.; Kaunda, J.S.; Zhu, H.T.; Wang, D.; Yang, C.R.; Zhang, Y.J. The genus terminalia (Combretaceae): An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect., 2019, 9(6), 357-392. doi: 10.1007/s13659-019-00222-3 PMID: 31696441Data visualization tools for exploring the global cancer burden in 2022. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/854-burkina-faso-fact-sheets.pdf(accessed on 7-8-2024)SOUTH AFRICA, Cancer Today. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/710-south-africa-fact-sheets.pdf(accessed on 7-8-2024)Gandhi, J.; Afridi, A.; Vatsia, S.; Joshi, G.; Joshi, G.; Kaplan, S.A.; Smith, N.L.; Khan, S.A. The molecular biology of prostate cancer: current understanding and clinical implications. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2018, 21(1), 22-36. doi: 10.1038/s41391-017-0023-8 PMID: 29282359Ma, H. Hela Cells and Immortality. Cancer Bio., 2017, 7, 71-78.Adico, M.D.W.; Bayala, B.; Bunay, J.; Baron, S.; Simpore, J.; Lobaccaro, J.M.A. Contribution of Sub-Saharan African medicinal plants to cancer research: Scientific basis 2013–2023. Pharmacol. Res., 2024, 202, 107138. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107138 PMID: 38467241Srivastava, P.; Singh, M.; Devi, G. Herbal Medicine and Biotechnology for the Benefit of Human Health. In: Animal Biotechnology; Verma, A.S.; Singh, A., Eds.; 563-575.Dhyani, P.; Quispe, C.; Sharma, E.; Bahukhandi, A.; Sati, P.; Attri, D.C.; Szopa, A.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Docea, A.O.; Mardare, I.; Calina, D.; Cho, W.C. Anticancer potential of alkaloids: a key emphasis to colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine and vincamine. Cancer Cell Int., 2022, 22(1), 206. doi: 10.1186/s12935-022-02624-9 PMID: 35655306Rahman, M.M.; Islam, M.R.; Akash, S.; Shohag, S.; Ahmed, L.; Supti, F.A.; Rauf, A.; Aljohani, A.S.M.; Al Abdulmonem, W.; Khalil, A.A.; Sharma, R.; Thiruvengadam, M. Naphthoquinones and derivatives as potential anticancer agents: An updated review. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2022, 368, 110198. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110198 PMID: 36179774Abotaleb, M.; Liskova, A.; Kubatka, P.; Büsselberg, D. Therapeutic potential of plant phenolic acids in the treatment of cancer. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(2), 221. doi: 10.3390/biom10020221 PMID: 32028623Mustofa; Sholikhah, E.N. Cytotoxicity of ((E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one)) on HeLa cell line. Indonesian J. Pharmacol. Ther., 2020, 1(2), 31. doi: 10.22146/ijpther.606Ukwubile, C.A.; Ikpefan, E.O.; Dibal, M.Y.; Umeano, V.A.; Menkiti, D.N.; Kaosi, C.C.; Paul, S.; Famurewa, A.C.; Nettey, H.; Yerima, T.S. Pharmacognostic profiles, evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activities of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau leaf and root extracts in Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2023, 314, 116632. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116632 PMID: 37211190Bothon, F.T.D.; Moustapha, M. Chemical characterization and biological activities of Newbouldia laevis and Pterocarpus santalinoides Leaves. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., 2014, 3(11), 9-15.Shao, Z.; Wang, H.; Ren, H.; Sun, Y.; Chen, X. The anticancer effect of napabucasin (BBI608), a natural naphthoquinone. Molecules, 2023, 28(15), 5678. doi: 10.3390/molecules28155678 PMID: 37570646Liu, Y.; Peng, X.; Li, H.; Jiao, W.; Peng, X.; Shao, J.; Xu, Y.; Wang, R.; Wang, W.; Kong, D. STAT3 inhibitor napabucasin inhibits tumor growth and cooperates with proteasome inhibition in human ovarian cancer cells. Rec. Patents Anticancer Drug Discov., 2021, 16(3), 350-362. doi: 10.2174/1574892816666210224155403 PMID: 33655847Li, Y.; Han, Q.; Zhao, H.; Guo, Q.; Zhang, J. Napabucasin reduces cancer stem cell characteristics in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front. Pharmacol., 2020, 11, 597520. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.597520 PMID: 33343368Zuo, D.; Shogren, K.L.; Zang, J.; Jewison, D.E.; Waletzki, B.E.; Miller, A.L., II; Okuno, S.H.; Cai, Z.; Yaszemski, M.J.; Maran, A. Inhibition of STAT3 blocks protein synthesis and tumor metastasis in osteosarcoma cells. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 2018, 37(1), 244. doi: 10.1186/s13046-018-0914-0 PMID: 30286779Masci, V.L.; Stefanoni, D.; D’Alessandro, A.; Zambelli, M.; Modesti, L.; Pollini, D.; Ovidi, E.; Tiezzi, A. Induction of drug-resistance and production of a culture medium able to induce drug-resistance in vinblastine untreated murine myeloma cells. Molecules, 2023, 28(5), 2051. doi: 10.3390/molecules28052051 PMID: 36903299Liu, W.; Wang, Y.; Xia, L.; Li, J. Research progress of plant-derived natural products against drug-resistant cancer. Nutrients, 2024, 16(6), 797. doi: 10.3390/nu16060797 PMID: 38542707