<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1871-5265</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2212-3989</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bentham Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">645583</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/0118715265259959231031104820</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Triple Burden: The Incorrigible Threat of Tuberculosis, HIV, and COVID-19</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Parakriti</given-names></name><email>info@benthamscience.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sandhu</surname><given-names>Diljot</given-names></name><email>info@benthamscience.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Varsha</given-names></name><email>info@benthamscience.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singhal</surname><given-names>Lipika</given-names></name><email>info@benthamscience.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Microbiology, GMCH</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-04-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-11"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Bentham Science Publishers</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bentham Science Publishers</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1871-5265/article/view/645583">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1871-5265/article/view/645583</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm46466589648960">The Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) hasnt seen the dawn since its emergence, however waxing and waning has resulted in the emergence of deadly variants. The effects of pandemic have not been limited to its virulence, but have rather conferred multiple collateral effects, especially in developing countries; thereby, designating it as a SYNDEMIC. The same culminated in neglect of non-COVID-19 conditions like tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Besides being the prognostic factor for severe COVID-19, these infections in hidden pockets served as reservoir for emergence of the deadly Omicron. Another significant impact of this juxtaposition was on the delivery of healthcare services for TB and HIV.</p><p id="idm46466589652960">2:The unanticipated COVID-19 pandemic turned the path of ongoing progress of elimination programs. Direct consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic were pronounced on diagnosis, treatment, and services for patients with TB and HIV. Essential TB services were reallocated to the COVID-19 rapid response task force. However, despite escalating the tribulations, this triple burden has simultaneously taught lessons to escalate the progress of halted programs. The pandemic has catalyzed an unusual level of collaboration among scientists, which can be exploited for TB and HIV. Fast-track diagnostics, digitalization, contact tracing, and vaccine development have enabled world to envision the same for TB/HIV.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>pandemic</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>HIV/AIDS</kwd><kwd>management</kwd><kwd>DOTS.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China. Available from: https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Courtin E, Vineis P. COVID-19 as a syndemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9763830. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.763830 PMID: 34568273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Piketty J, Carbonnel M, Murtada R, et al. Collateral damage of COVID-19 pandemic: The impact on a gynecologic surgery department. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022; 51(1): 102255. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102255 PMID: 34757223</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Thiagarajan K. Covid-19 exposes the high cost of Indias reliance on private healthcare. BMJ 2020; 370: m3506. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3506 PMID: 32912849</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Tamuzi JL, Ayele BT, Shumba CS, et al. Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20(1): 744. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05450-4 PMID: 33036570</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>The Connection between TB and HIV ⋅ Pamphlets, Brochures, Booklets⋅Publications &amp; Products ⋅ TB ⋅ CDC. 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/pamphlets/tbandhiv_eng.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Waters R, Ndengane M, Abrahams MR, Diedrich CR, Wilkinson RJ, Coussens AK. The Mtb -HIV syndemic interaction: Why treating M. tuberculosis infection may be crucial for HIV-1 eradication. Future Virol 2020; 15(2): 101-26. doi: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0069 PMID: 32273900</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Du P. 393. Prevalence of HIV in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and associated mortality outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7(S1): S266. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.588</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Nachega JB, Kapata N, Sam-Agudu NA, et al. Minimizing the impact of the triple burden of COVID-19, tuberculosis and HIV on health services in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113(S1): S16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.038 PMID: 33757874</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Karim SSA, Churchyard GJ, Karim QA, Lawn SD. HIV infection and tuberculosis in South Africa: an urgent need to escalate the public health response. Lancet 2009; 374(9693): 921-33. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60916-8 PMID: 19709731</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Khandia R, Singhal S, Alqahtani T, et al. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res 2022; 209112816. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112816 PMID: 35093310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Freer J, Mudaly V. HIV and covid-19 in South Africa BMJ 2022; 376e069807 doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069807 PMID: 35086921</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Brumme ZL, Mwimanzi F, Lapointe HR, et al. Humoral immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination in people living with HIV receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. medRxiv 2021; 2021.10.03.21264320. doi: 10.1101/2021.10.03.21264320</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and people living with HIV. Available from:. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-covid-19-and-people-living-with-hiv</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Logunov DY, Livermore DM, Ornelles DA, et al. COVID-19 vaccination and HIV-1 acquisition. Lancet 2022; 399(10333): e34-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00332-4 PMID: 35397866</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Chun HM, Milligan K, Agyemang E, et al. A systematic review of COVID-19 vaccine antibody responses in people with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9(11): ofac579. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac579 PMID: 36438620</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hassold N, Brichler S, Ouedraogo E, et al. Impaired antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in advanced HIV infection. AIDS 2022; 36(4): F1-5. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003166 PMID: 35013085</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Hogan AB, Jewell BL, Sherrard-Smith E, et al. Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: A modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8(9): e1132-41. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30288-6 PMID: 32673577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Global Fund Results Report Reveals COVID-19 Devastating Impact on HIV, TB and Malaria Programs. Available from: https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/2021/2021-09-08-global-fund-results-report-reveals-covid-19-devastating-impact-on-hiv-tb-and-malaria-programs/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Can Sarınoğllu R, Sili U, Eryuksel E, Olgun Yildizeli S, Cimsit C, Karahasan Yagci A. Tuberculosis and COVID-19: An overlapping situation during pandemic. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14(7): 721-5. doi: 10.3855/jidc.13152 PMID: 32794460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Tuberculosis deaths rise for the first time in more than a decade due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2021-tuberculosis-deaths-rise-for-the-first-time-in-more-than-a-decade-due-to-the-covid-19-pandemic</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>On World TB day WHO calls for increased investments into TB services and research. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/21-03-2022-on-world-tb-day-who-calls-for-increased-investments-into-tb-services-and-research</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Perween R. PraveenKumar M, Shrivastava T, et al. The SARS CoV-2 spike directed non-neutralizing polyclonal antibodies cross-react with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) gp41. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101(Pt B): 108187. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108187 PMID: 34649114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Silver ZA, Antonopoulos A, Haslam SM, et al. Discovery of o-linked carbohydrate on HIV-1 envelope and its role in shielding against one category of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Cell Rep 2020; 30(6): 1862-1869.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.056 PMID: 32049016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mishra N, Kumar S, Singh S, et al. Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies and polyclonal plasma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17(9): e1009958. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009958 PMID: 34559854</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Global tuberculosis report 2020. Available from:. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240013131</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>CDC announces Think. Test. Treat TB: a campaign to raise awareness of latent TB infection ⋅ Dear Colleague Letters ⋅ TB ⋅ CDC. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/letters/2022/tb-campaign.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>TB &amp; COVID-19. Available from:. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/covid-19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Mousquer GT, Peres A, Fiegenbaum M. Pathology of TB/COVID-19 Co-Infection: The phantom menace. Tuberculosis 2021; 126102020. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102020 PMID: 33246269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>The End TB Strategy. Available from:. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/the-end-tb-strategy</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>States and UTs accelerate action to end TB by 2025. Available from:. https://www.who.int/india/news/detail/09-11-2021-states-and-uts-accelerate-action-to-end-tb-by-2025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Cilloni L, Fu H, Vesga JF, et al. The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tuberculosis epidemic a modelling analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 28100603. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100603 PMID: 33134905</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>WHO Global TB progress at risk Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-10-2020-who-global-tb-progress-at-risk</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>End TB. The clock is ticking ⋅ World Economic Forum. Available from:. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/end-tb-the-clock-is-ticking/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Shrinivasan R, Rane S, Pai M. Indias syndemic of tuberculosis and COVID-19. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5(11): e003979. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003979 PMID: 33199280</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Tuberculosis and COVID-19 ⋅ Stop TB Partnership. Available from: . https://www.stoptb.org/covid19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>The impact of COVID-19 on HIV, TB and malaria services and systems for health - Updates - The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Available from: https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/updates/2021/2021-04-13-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-hiv-tb-and-malaria-services-and-systems-for-health/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>HMIS-Health Management Information System. Available from:. https://hmis.nhp.gov.in/#!/aboutus</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Chatterjee P. Is India missing COVID-19 deaths? Lancet 2020; 396(10252): 657. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31857-2 PMID: 32891197</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Unite To Fight. Available from:. https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/unite-to-fight/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Directives regarding TB services during Covid19 emergency period :: Central TB Division. Available from: https://tbcindia.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&amp;level=1&amp;sublinkid=5428&amp;lid=3509</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Pai M. Tuberculosis And Covid-19: Fighting A Deadly Syndemic. Forbes. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/madhukarpai/2020/09/26/tuberculosis-and-covid-19-fighting-a-deadly-syndemic/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>How Covid is making it tougher to tackle TB, AIDS, malaria and child health. Available from: https://theprint.in/health/how-covid-is-making-it-tougher-to-tackle-tb-aids-malaria-and-child-health/443658/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Technical guidance. Available from: https://www.who.int/india/home/emergencies/ongoing-disease-outbreak-disasters/technical-guidance</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): HIV and antiretrovirals. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-hiv-and-antiretrovirals</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>An S, Li Y, Lin Y, et al. Genome-wide profiling reveals alternative polyadenylation of innate immune-related mRNA in patients with COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12756288. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756288 PMID: 34777369</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y, Wang G, Li J, et al. CASA: A comprehensive database resource for the COVID-19 Alternative splicing atlas. J Transl Med 2022; 20(1): 473. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03699-8 PMID: 36266726</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>An S, Xie Z, Liao Y, et al. Systematic analysis of clinical relevance and molecular characterization of m6A in COVID-19 patients. Genes Dis 2022; 9(5): 1170-3. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.005 PMID: 35013711</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Joy M, Malavika B, Asirvatham ES, Sudarsanam TD, Jeyaseelan L. Is BCG associated with reduced incidence of COVID-19? A meta-regression of global data from 160 countries. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 9: 202-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.08.015 PMID: 33163696</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Gong W, Mao Y, Li Y, Qi Y. BCG vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108108870. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108870 PMID: 35597119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Glynn JR, Dube A, Fielding K, Crampin AC, Kanjala C, Fine PEM. The effect of BCG revaccination on all-cause mortality beyond infancy: 30-year follow-up of a population-based, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial in Malawi. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; (21)11: 1590-7. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30994-4 PMID: 34237262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan Operational Planning Guideline. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-strategicpreparedness-and-response-plan-operational-planning-guideline</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
