Infectious Disorders - Drug TargetsInfectious Disorders - Drug TargetsInfectious Disorders - Drug Targets1871-52652212-3989Bentham Science64575410.2174/0118715265281694240223113930MedicineResearch ArticleThe Risk of Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in India as a Growing Health ConcernGargGurishainfo@benthamscience.netGargSonakshiinfo@benthamscience.netKamalRajinfo@benthamscience.netKurmiBalakinfo@benthamscience.netSinghAmandeepinfo@benthamscience.netDepartment of Quality Assurance, ISF College of PharmacyDepartment of Quality Assurance, ISF College of PharmacDepartment of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy0108202424811012025Copyright ©; 2024, Bentham Science Publishers2024Bentham Science Publishershttps://journals.eco-vector.com/1871-5265/article/view/645754

Every year witnesses an outbreak of some or the other zoonotic disease that causes the unparalled loss of human life. The year 2022 presented the outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), which brought unprecedented challenges to individuals as well as to the healthcare system all around the world, making it a serious health concern. Rising health concerns have highlighted the importance of managing and decreasing the further transmission of the CCHF virus. CCHF is one of tick-borne viral diseases, which spreads due to various reasons like changes in global warming, environmental influences, and other ecological factors. All these factors somehow impact the disease prevalence. This disease has a negative impact on both humans and livestock. The diverse climate and significant livestock population of India make it susceptible to the prevalence of CCHF. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to develop some strategies in order to tackle the challenges posed by CCHF. This article includes all the cases of CCHF that have occurred in India from the year 2011, along with the fatality rates associated with this disease. Also this study discusses the need to explore some specific drugs for the management and prevention of such diseases. In addition, the pathogenesis of the disease progression, along with some protective measures suggested by the government has been described for prevention of CCHF. Subsequently, this article attempted to draw attention towards the risk that may be posed by CCHF in the coming scenario, emphasizing the importance of taking proactive measures in anticipation of such risks.

HaemorrhagicthrombocytopeniaCCHFpetechiaediseasetick bites.Islam MR, Dhar PS, Rahman MM. Recent concern about the outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Virology, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, transmission, diagnostics, and treatment. Int J Surg 2023; 109(10): 3215-6. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000047 PMID: 36906770Chumakov MP, Butenko AM, Shalunova NV, et al. New data on the viral agent of Crimean hemorrhagic fever. Vopr Virusol 1968; 13(3): 377. PMID: 4235803Papa A, Marklewitz M, Paraskevopoulou S, et al. History and classification of Aigai virus (formerly Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotype VI). J Gen Virol 2022; 103(4): 001734. PMID: 35412967Aslam M, Abbas RZ, Alsayeqh A. Distribution pattern of crimean–congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia and the middle East. Front Public Health 2023; 11: 1093817. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1093817 PMID: 36778537Ozdarendeli A. Crimean–congo hemorrhagic fever virus: Progress in vaccine development. Diagnostics 2023; 13(16): 2708. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13162708 PMID: 37627967Betodkar U, Khiangte Z. An outbreak of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in South Africa in 2022. Global Biosec 2023; 5(1)Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Gurav YK, et al. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever serosurvey in humans for identifying high-risk populations and high-risk areas in the endemic state of Gujarat, India. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19(1): 104. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3740-x PMID: 30709372Technical factsheets. Available from: https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/diseaseinfo/factsheets/Kouhpayeh H. A systematic review of treatment strategies including future novel therapies in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Infect 2021; 8(2): e113427. doi: 10.5812/iji.113427Hawman DW, Feldmann H. Crimean–congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21(7): 463-77. doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-00871-9 PMID: 36918725Abdelhakam HA, Taha MA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Southern Kordofan. Sudan J Paediatr 2014; 14(1): 81-4. PMID: 27493394Yadav PD, Raut CG, Patil DY. D Majumdar T, Mourya DT. Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: Current scenario in India. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect B Biol Sci 2014; 84(1): 9-18. doi: 10.1007/s40011-013-0197-3 PMID: 32226205Gholizadeh O, Jafari MM, Zoobinparan R, et al. Recent advances in treatment Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A concise overview. Microb Pathog 2022; 169: 105657. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105657 PMID: 35753597Zivcec M, Scholte F, Spiropoulou C, Spengler J, Bergeron É. Molecular insights into Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Viruses 2016; 8(4): 106. doi: 10.3390/v8040106 PMID: 27110812Singh V, Kaur R, Kumari P, Pasricha C, Singh R. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1: Gatekeepers in various inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548: 117487. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117487 PMID: 37442359Akıncı E, Bodur H, Leblebicioglu H. Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13(7): 429-37. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1061 PMID: 23663164Patel AK, Patel KK, Mehta M, Parikh TM, Toshniwal H, Patel K. First Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in India. J Assoc Physicians India 2011; 59(9): 585-9. PMID: 22334974Lahariya C, Goel MK, Kumar A, Puri M, Sodhi A. Emergence of viral hemorrhagic fevers. J Postgrad Med 2012; 58(1): 39-46. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.93251 PMID: 22387647Yadav PD, Raut CG, Mourya DT. Re-occurrence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India (2012): A fatal case report. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138(6): 1027-8. PMID: 24521654Available from: https://ncdc.mohfw.gov.in/WriteReadData/l892s/NCDCNewsletter/41.pdfYadav PD, Gurav YK, Mistry M, et al. Emergence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in amreli district of Gujarat state, India, June to July 2013. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 18: 97-100. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.09.019 PMID: 24211848Mourya DT, Makwana D, Yadav PD, Kelaiya A. First confirmed case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever from Sirohi district in Rajasthan State, India. Indian J Med Res 2015; 142(4): 489-91. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.169221 PMID: 26609042Yadav PD, Patil DY, Shete AM, et al. Nosocomial infection of CCHF among health care workers in Rajasthan, India. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16(1): 624. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1971-7 PMID: 27809807Yadav PD, Thacker S, Patil DY, Jain R, Mourya DT. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in migrant worker returning from Oman to India, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23(6): 1005-8. doi: 10.3201/eid2306.161950 PMID: 28518037Sahay RR, Shete AM, Yadav PD, et al. Sequential determination of viral load, humoral responses and phylogenetic analysis in fatal and non-fatal cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients from Gujarat, India, 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15(8): e0009718. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009718 PMID: 344608194 cases of Congo fever reported in Gujarat, 1 dead. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/4-cases-of-congo-fever-reported-in-state-1-dead-6608319/First CCHF case this year, man dies. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/first-cchf-case-this-year-man-dies-8752683/Dowall SD, Carroll MW, Hewson R. Development of vaccines against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 2017; 35(44): 6015-23. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.031 PMID: 28687403de la Prieto CF, Quirós MA, Trigo E, Rillo MM, Arsuaga M, Menéndez DM. Therapeutic management of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 36(8): 517-22. doi: 10.1016/j.eimce.2017.04.016Maltezou HC, Papa A, Tsiodras S, Dalla V, Maltezos E, Antoniadis A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Greece: A public health perspective. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13(6): 713-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.11.011 PMID: 19155182