Primary analysis of images from the world’s first space probe microscope "CMM-2000С" in the Earth satellite "Nanoprobe-1"

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The whole series of unique frames obtained over a year and a half from the world’s first space scanning probe microscope "CMM-2000C", operating in outer space in the Earth’s satellite Nanosonde-1 and capturing with nanometre precision changing the surface relief of a golden mirror exposed to solar wind and dust. Numerical analysis of gold relief frames on the change of roughness parameters, fractal dimensionality and statistics on grain sizes was obtained, graphs of change of these characteristics correlated with solar activity graphs are presented. Participation of a wide scientific community for interpretation of the obtained data is suggested.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

B. A. Loginov

National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET); JSC PROTON Plant; Educational Centre "Sirius"

Author for correspondence.
Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5081-1424

Head of Laboratory

Russian Federation, Zelenograd; Zelenograd; Educational Centre "Sirius", Sirius Federal Territory, Moscow

V. A. Bespalov

National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET)

Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4976-8515

Corr. Member of RAN, Doct. of Sci (Tech)

Russian Federation, Zelenograd

Yu. V. Khripunov

Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev; Educational Centre "Sirius"

Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2250-0420

Cand. of Sci. (Physics and Mathematics), Docent

Russian Federation, Orel; Sirius Federal Territory, Moscow

A. B. Loginov

Lomonosov Moscow State University; National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET); JSC PROTON Plant

Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2090-5301

Physical Department, Postgraduate

Russian Federation, Moscow; Zelenograd; Zelenograd

V. B. Loginov

National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET); JSC PROTON Plant

Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2116-7411

Leading Designer

Russian Federation, Zelenograd; Zelenograd

A. A. Panfilov

Orel State University named after I.S. Turgenev

Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-4726-8414

Engineer

Russian Federation, Orel

D. A. Pashkov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: b-loginov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-9027-2671

Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Leading Designer

Russian Federation, Moscow

References

  1. Беспалов В.А., Логинов Б.А., Новиков Л.С., Никитушкина О.Н. Исследование ударной микроструктуры на поверхности медной пластины, экспонировавшейся в открытом космосе. Физика и xимия обработки материалов. 2008. № 2. С. 28–31.
  2. Логинов Б.А. Комплекс зондовой микроскопии для работы в космическом пространстве и атмосфере. Патент на изобретение 2778278 C1, 17.08.2022, Заявка № 2021128836 от 04.10.2021.
  3. Логинов Б.А. Первый в мире сканирующий зондовый микроскоп в виде спутника как старт этапа научных спутников-лабораторий. НАНОИНДУСТРИЯ. 2021. № 5. С. 22–26. https://doi.org/ 10.22184/1993-8578.2021.14.5.270.274
  4. Логинов Б.А., Логинов П.Б., Логинов В.Б., Логинов А.Б. Зондовая микроскопия: применения и рекомендации по разработке. НАНОИНДУСТРИЯ. 2019. № 6. C. 352–365. https://doi.org/10.22184/1993-8578.2019.12.6.366.369
  5. Логинов Б.А., Беспалов В.А., Образцов А.Н., Логинов А.Б., Логинов В.Б., Хрипунов Ю.В., Щербина М.А., Севостьянова Д.А., Богданова Д.С., Горбачев Р.Г., Кондратьева К.Е., Лебедева М.А., Мульгин А.А., Шевченко Д.А. Разработка широкопольного сканера-профилометра и новых способов измерения твердости для первого в мире атомно-силового микроскопа спутника Земли. НАНОИНДУСТРИЯ. 2024. Т. 17. № 5. С. 248–258. https://doi.org/10.22184/1993-8578.2024.17.5.248.258

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig.1. The world’s first space scanning probe microscope "СMM-2000C": a – approximate view of the needle and the gold surface scanned by it, b – appearance of the microscope, c – process of mounting the "Nanoprobe-1" satellite with a microscope into a rocket, d – rocket take-off

Download (688KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig.2. a – Yuri Khripunov, leader of the mission to build and launch the "Nanoprobe-1" satellite, organiser of schoolchildren’s participation in this project at the Sirius Educational Centre and regional centres for identifying and supporting gifted children, b – Boris Loginov, author of the project and microprojects with schoolchildren and of the patent for the space microscope, creator of the measuring heads of the "СMM-2000C" space microscope and its ground version "СMM-2000", c – Vladimir Loginov, microscope software developer, d – Artem Loginov, microscope electronics developer

Download (281KB)
Indexing metadata
4. Fig.3. Calculation of roughness parameters: Ra – average of deviations Zi of all points vertically from the centre line of the profile, Sm – average of distances Sm1, Sm2... horizontally between crossings by the profile of the centre line during the profile upwards, S – average of distances S1, S2... horizontally between the maximums of the profile

Download (70KB)
Indexing metadata
5. Fig.4. Graphs of changes in parameters of date-numbered frames from space, with a graph of temperatures T °C start of scanning and T °C stop end of scanning frames, and with data on parameters of the "zero" frame from 20.09.2022, taken from the original gold surface on the Earth before the launch of the satellite. Graphs for the possibility of joint display are normalised to the scale 0...100, the values of all parameters for level 0 and level 100 of these scales are given

Download (400KB)
Indexing metadata
6. Fig.5. Sunspot number (Sunspot number) graph corresponding to the "CMM-2000C" space microscope mission period, as well as the Sun’s radio flux density graph (F10.5 Radio Flux) at a wavelength of 10.7 cm (2800 MHz) in flux units of 10-22 W∙m-2-Hz-1 according to GOST R 25645.166-2004, which is used to predict the lifetime of the satellites

Download (375KB)
Indexing metadata
7. Fig.6. A more detailed plot of solar flares (Sunspot number) for the months of October 2024 and January 2025, in which several frames from the "CMM-2000C" space microscope were acquired, as well as plots of the global planetary geomagnetic activity index (Kp-index) on its scale, where "9" is the extreme geomagnetic storm with the daily average geomagnetic activity level (Ap-index) in those months

Download (463KB)
Indexing metadata
8. Fig.7. Frames from the "CMM-2000C" space microscope. The size of frames is 4 × 4 µm. Rmax – full spread of heights in the frame

Download (1MB)
Indexing metadata
9. Fig.8. Frames from the "CMM-2000C" space microscope. The size of frames is 4 × 4 µm. Rmax – full spread of heights in the frame

Download (1MB)
Indexing metadata
10. Fig.9. Calculation of nine roughness parameters (Rq, Ra, Rz, Rmax, Sm, S, Dq, Da, L0) from the original gold surface taken on Earth before the microscope was launched into space, frame No. 0 dated 20.09.2022 (top), as well as from frames No. 5 dated 10.02.2024 (middle) and No. 29 dated 9.02.2025 (bottom). On the frame № 0 from 20.09.2022 one can see traces from powders of polishing paste, at that the average roughness Ra = 0.38 nm, at the level of the size of one atom, and the fractal dimension D is equal only to 2.000005, which means: the initial surface of gold is almost a perfect plane. The analysis of roughness parameters was performed by the standard software of "CMM-2000" microscope

Download (888KB)
Indexing metadata
11. Fig.10. Special case: on frame No.14 of 01.10.2024 the graph of fractal dimension calculation shows that two different types of fractally self-similar groups of objects are present on the surface – in the range of object sizes from 12.94 × 12.94 nm to 135.7 × 135.7 nm, and in the range from 238.7 × 238.7 nm to 1.102 × 1.102 µm. The fractal analysis was performed by the regular software of the "CMM-2000" microscope

Download (159KB)
Indexing metadata
12. Fig.11. Change in the distribution of object diameters (calculated as Feret-diameter, the average of 18 projections of the object onto lines inclined to the horizontal, each following after 10 degrees) over approximately two months of solar wind exposure, from frame No.20 of 08.11.2024 to frame No.22 of 31.12.2024. Morphological analysis was performed by the standard software of "CMM-2000" microscope

Download (514KB)
Indexing metadata
13. Fig.12. Analyses of characteristic cross sections of bright spots, as well as horizontal tracks in the frames, possibly related to dust particles from space that have fallen to the surface and are moved by the probe during scanning at weak conductivity. The analysis of cross sections was performed by the standard software of "CMM-2000" microscope

Download (259KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2025 Loginov B.A., Bespalov V.A., Khripunov Y.V., Loginov A.B., Loginov V.B., Panfilov A.A., Pashkov D.A.