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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Volgograd State Medical University</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Volgograd State Medical University</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Волгоградского государственного медицинского университета</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1994-9480</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1994-9499</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">139177</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19163/1994-9480-2022-19-4-34-49</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">MODERN CONCEPTS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ САХАРНОГО ДИАБЕТА 2-го ТИПА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurkin</surname><given-names>D. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куркин</surname><given-names>Д. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Intensive Care; First Deputy Director, Scientific Center for Innovative Medicines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор фармацeвтичeских наук, доцeнт, профeссор кафeдры клиничeской фармакологии и интeнсивной тeрапии; nepый замeститeль дирeктора, Научный цeнтр инновационных лeкарствeнных срeдств</p></bio><email>strannik986@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morkovin</surname><given-names>E. I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морковин</surname><given-names>Е. И</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Neuropsychotropic Drugs, Scientific Center for Innovative Medicines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий лабораторией нейропсихотропных средств, Научный центр инновационных лекарственных средств</p></bio><email>e.i.morkovin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakulin</surname><given-names>D. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакулин</surname><given-names>Д. А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Drugs, Scientific Center for Innovative Medicines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории фармакологии сердечно-сосудистых средств, Научный центр инновационных лекарственных средств</p></bio><email>mbfdoc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunova</surname><given-names>Yu. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунова</surname><given-names>Ю. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат фармацевтических наук, доцент кафедры фармакологии и фармации</p></bio><email>yvgorbunova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strygin</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрыгин</surname><given-names>А. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Deputy Director, Scientific Center for Innovative Medicines</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель директора, Научный центр инновационных лекарственных средств</p></bio><email>drumsav@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Robertus</surname><given-names>A. I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Робертус</surname><given-names>А. И</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>spirea@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarenko</surname><given-names>I. E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаренко</surname><given-names>И. Е</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Medical Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, руководитель медицинского департамента</p></bio><email>igor.makarenko@geropharm.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saparova</surname><given-names>V. B</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сапарова</surname><given-names>В. Б</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Pharmacology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель лаборатории фармакологии</p></bio><email>valeriya.saparova@geropharm.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drai</surname><given-names>R. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драй</surname><given-names>Р. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>roman.drai@geropharm.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>V. I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Chief Freelance Specialist - Clinical Pharmacologist of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заведующий кафедрой клинической фармакологии и интенсивной терапии, главный внештатный специалист - клинический фармаколог Министерства здравоохранения РФ, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, заслуженный врач РФ</p></bio><email>brain@sprintnet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н. И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pharm-Holding</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Фарм-Холдинг</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 19, NO4 (2022)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 19, №4 (2022)</issue-title><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-01-26"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Kurkin D.V., Morkovin E.I., Bakulin D.A., Gorbunova Y.V., Strygin A.V., Robertus A.I., Makarenko I.E., Saparova V.B., Drai R.V., Petrov V.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Куркин Д.В., Морковин Е.И., Бакулин Д.А., Горбунова Ю.В., Стрыгин А.В., Робертус А.И., Макаренко И.Е., Сапарова В.Б., Драй Р.В., Петров В.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kurkin D.V., Morkovin E.I., Bakulin D.A., Gorbunova Y.V., Strygin A.V., Robertus A.I., Makarenko I.E., Saparova V.B., Drai R.V., Petrov V.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куркин Д.В., Морковин Е.И., Бакулин Д.А., Горбунова Ю.В., Стрыгин А.В., Робертус А.И., Макаренко И.Е., Сапарова В.Б., Драй Р.В., Петров В.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/1994-9480/article/view/139177">https://journals.eco-vector.com/1994-9480/article/view/139177</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Resume. In Russia, type 2 diabetes affects more than 5 % of the population. Type 2 diabetes accounts for up to 95 % of all cases of diabetes meUitus, but its pathogenetic mechanisms have not yet been fully established. Aim. To summarize and analyze the Literature data on the pathogenetic Links of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. When searching for material for writing a review article, abstract databases PubMed, Google Scholar, e-Library, etc. were used. The search was carried out by publications for the period 1960-2022. The following words and phrases were chosen as parameters for literature selection: pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus; insulin resistance; endothelial dysfunction; p-cells in type 2 diabetes; inflammation and diabetes, glucose utilization. Results. The article presents the concept of normal glucose metabolism, the role of the loss of functional mass of p-cells, aspects of the synthesis and metabolism of glucose by the liver, the role of muscle tissue in the consumption of glucose, as well as the role of the kidneys in the development of a vicious circle of diabetic hyperglycemia. The role of vascular and myocardial resistance to insulin, adipose inflammation, the "ominous octet" is considered. The place of insulin resistance in the development of obesity was determined, the issues of incretin effects and liver diseases associated with diabetes were raised. Conclusion. The generalized information will expand and deepen knowledge about the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which, in turn, will serve as a potential basis for new approaches in the treatment of one of the most common diseases of the 21st century.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В России сахарным диабетом 2-го типа страдают более 5 % населения. Диабет 2-го типа составляет до 95 % всех случаев заболевания сахарным диабетом, однако его патогенетические механизмы до сих пор окончательно не установлены. Цель. Обобщить и проанализировать литературные данные о патогенетических звеньях сахарного диабета 2-го типа. Материалы и методы. При поиске материала для написания обзорной статьи использовали реферативные базы данных PubMed, Google Scholar, e-Library и др. Поиск осуществляли по публикациям за период 1960-2022 гг. Параметрами для отбора литературы были выбраны следующие слова и словосочетания: патогенез сахарного диабета 2-го типа; инсулинорезистентность; эндотелиальная дисфункция; р-клетки в диабете 2-го типа; воспаление и диабет, утилизация глюкозы. Результаты. В статье представлены концепция нормального метаболизма глюкозы, роль потери функциональной массы р-клеток, аспекты синтеза и метаболизации глюкозы печенью, роли мышечной ткани в потреблении глюкозы, а также почек в развитии порочного круга диабетической гипергликемии. Рассмотрены роли сосудистой и миокардиальной резистентности к инсулину, адипозного воспаления, «зловещего октета». Определено место инсулинорезистентности при развитии ожирения, затронуты вопросы инкретиновых эффектов и ассоциированных с диабетом заболеваний печени. Заключение. Обобщенная информация позволит расширить и углубить знания о патогенезе сахарного диабета 2-го типа, что, в свою очередь, послужит потенциальной основой для новых подходов в терапии одного из наиболее распространенных заболеваний XXI века.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2 diabetes</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>p-cells</kwd><kwd>glucose metabolism</kwd><kwd>glucose utilization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>СД 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>р-клетки</kwd><kwd>метаболизм глюкозы</kwd><kwd>утилизация глюкозы</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>DeFronzo R.A., Ferrannini E., Groop L. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15019. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>DeFronzo R.A. Banting Lecture. 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