Vol 8, No 4 (2023)

Cover Page

Full Issue

AGRICULTURE

Productivity of winter wheat depending on weather conditions and tillage during long-term studies

Bakaeva N.P., Saltykova O.L.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to increase the productivity of winter wheat with various methods of basic tillage. The research was carried out from 2014 to 2022 in the zone of arid agriculture in the experimental field of the Samara State Agrarian University, represented by typical medium-sized medium-loamy chernozem. Winter wheat of the Svetoch variety was cultivated in a five-field grain-steam crop rotation according to the pure steam predecessor. The largest biomass of winter wheat plants during the active vegetation period was obtained in years with a sufficient amount of soil moisture and an optimal temperature regime, working in the future to obtain high yields. Thus, the yield in 2017 (hydrothermal coefficient = 1.06) was 4.38 t/ha, in 2022 (hydrothermal coefficient = 0.88) – 5.68 t/ha (in the phase of milk ripeness r = 0.70 p less 0.05). The survival rate of plants for harvesting was high – 73%, showing a direct strong relationship with hydrothermal coefficient (r=0.74 at p less 0.05). The value of the correlation coefficient equal to 0.66 (p less 0.05) showed a close correlation between hydrothermal coefficient and yield – a high hydrothermal coefficient is necessary to form a high yield. As an exception, in 2016, with hydrothermal coefficient = 0.86, the yield averaged 2.69 t/ha, in 2014 with hydrothermal coefficient = 0.34 – 3.08 t/ha, unfavorable conditions for wheat in the autumn-winter period led to this result. Depending on the methods of basic tillage, the biomass of plants obtained in the phase of milk ripeness by plowing and loosening exceeded the values by 30-46 g/m2 compared to the option without autumn mechanical tillage (in the phase of milk ripeness by all methods of basic tillage, r = 0.70, p less 0.05). By plowing, plant survival and yield were significantly higher compared to the variants with loosening and without autumn mechanical tillage.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):3-10
pages 3-10 views

Results of the adaptive properties and yields study of medicinal plants in the conditions of the middle Volga region

Nikiforova O.I., Zagoryansky A.N., Zaika A.S., Bystrova E.D.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to increase the yield and adaptability of medicinal plants to various weather conditions of the Samara region. A significant variability of adaptive traits and yields from the weather conditions of a particular year of research was revealed. Medicinal plants are widely used in industry. In Russia, more than 40% of the permitted drugs are preparations from medicinal plant raw materials, a significant part of which was developed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The article presents the results of research conducted in 2019-2022 according to a generally recognized methodology on the basis of the Sredne-Volzhsky branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Sredne-Volzhsky branch of the VILAR Federal State Medical University), located in the Samara region, Sergievsky district, the village of Antonovka. The research was carried out using bio-objects of the Unique scientific installation «Bio-collection of the VILAR State Medical University». The objects of research are medicinal plants of the VILAR breeding varieties: milk thistle of the Debut variety, calendula officinalis of the Golden Sea variety, Moldovan snake catcher of the Tenderness variety. The most favorable year for the cultivation of these crops in 2019-2022 was 2021, when the yield indicators amounted to 1160-980 kg/ha. The most high adaptive properties in various weather conditions are possessed by calendula of the Golden Sea medicinal variety, the average yield of which for 4 years was 928 kg/ha. In the milk thistle of the spotted Debut variety and the snakehead of the Moldovan Tenderness variety, this indicator is 729 and 552 kg/ha, respectively. According to the results of calculations of the economic feasibility of cultivation in the conditions of the Samara region, these varieties show a high average profitability for 4 years. The research was carried out within the framework of the work on the theme of research of the VILAR Federal State Medical University «Formation, preservation and study of gene pool biocollections of various directions in order to preserve bio-diversity and use them in health-saving technologies» (FGUU-2022-0014).

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):11-20
pages 11-20 views

Retrospective fertility analysis of chernozem soils in the central agroecological zone of the Samara region

Trots N.M., Mashkov S.V., Bokova A.A., Suvorov E.E.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to assess changes in the state of indicators of the complex of soil properties for their subsequent control and identification of signs affecting soil fertility. The complex of works on soil survey and cameral processing of materials was carried out on the experimental fields of the Samara State Agrarian University, located on the territory of the Kinelsky district in the central agroecological zone of the Samara region. Field work was carried out by a route survey of the studied area of arable land, sections were laid at the planned points in 2022 and soil samples were taken. To analyze the dynamics of changes in agrochemical indicators for the 3rd rounds of the survey, 54 samples were used from nine sections (0.90-1.0 m), five semi-sections (0.60-0.65 m), and one dig. Studies have established that the agrochemical indicators revealed an increase in the main indicators of the state of soil fertility: 1) the content of humus; 2) the capacity of the humus horizon. According to available data for 1992-2022, the dynamics of changes in the soil cover with an area of 2.17 thousand hectares has been compiled. During the 30-year period of land use, significant changes occurred in the reduction of humus content. The proportion of rich soils with humus content > 7%, according to the materials of the previous survey, was 33% of the total area of agricultural land. According to the capacity of the humus horizon in 2022, medium-sized soils were the most widespread – 1.91 thousand hectares or 88.0%. During the considered period of three rounds of surveys (1992, 2002 and 2022), the development of intensive humification processes is observed, in connection with which the humus content increased by 0.6-4.6% and the gross humus stock by 221-289 t/ha.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):21-28
pages 21-28 views

Comparative study of the populations of carthamus tinctorius, itroduced in the middle Volga region

Setin V.N., Nikiforova O.I., Zagoryansky A.N., Nechaeva E.K.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to analyze the results of the introduction of the populations of safflower dye in terms of prospects for cultivation in the conditions of the Middle Volga region and to identify prospects for the breeding process. Plant introduction is the leading direction providing enrichment of the regional flora. The development of scientific bases for the introduction of medicinal and essential oil plants into culture in optimal ecological zones, as well as the selection of economically valuable populations is the main task of introduction. The experience of primary introduction makes it possible to reveal the adaptive capabilities of medicinal plants and begin to develop a set of agrotechnical measures necessary for the successful realization of their biological potential in new growing conditions. On the territory of the collection nursery of the Sredne-Volzhsky branch of the FSBI VILAR in 2021-2022, an experiment was conducted on the introduction study of safflower dye of three populations (Samara, Moscow and Chinese). The research was carried out using bio-objects of the Unique scientific installation «Biocollection of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants». The bookmark of experience and observations were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines. During the years of research, weather conditions were extreme: with high temperatures and no precipitation. It has been established that in these soil and climatic conditions, safflower plants of all populations go through the stages of ontogenesis, enter the fruiting phase and yield fruit at the level of 1.51-2.87 t/ha, that is, they successfully realize their adaptive potential. On average, over two years, the Samara population turned out to be more precocious, the fatty oil content in the fruits was 22.43%, the yield was 1.51 t/ha. The Moscow population is precocious, large – seeded (weight of 1000 seeds 50.9 g), high-yielding (2.87 t/ha), the oil content in fruits is 21.83%. The Chinese population – with a later ripening period of seeds, a yield of 2.12 t/ ha, with a higher content of fatty oil in fruits (26.05%).

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):38-45
pages 38-45 views

Productivity of spring durum wheat based on a complex of quantitative traits in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Volga region

Bakaeva N.P.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to increase the yield of spring durum wheat grain depending on the method of tillage in the conditions of the Volga forest–steppe. The methods of tillage were studied – plowing, loosening and without autumn tillage, and quantitative indicators – the completeness of seedlings, field germination, the number of plants before harvesting, the safety and survival of plants, biological yield and grain yield of spring durum wheat, as well as the accumulation of straw mass left on the field in the conditions of the Volga forest-steppe. In the plowing variant, the highest values of germination completeness, field germination, survival and preservation of plants were obtained. In the variants with loosening and without autumn mechanical tillage, the studied indicators had lower values: field germination – by 0.6 and 2.9%, germination completeness – by 0.6 and 3%, plant survival – by 2.35 and 2.21%, plant safety – by 0.7 and 1.1%, biological yield – by 2.6 and 3.9%, grain yield – by 5.2 and 10.9%, straw weight – by 4.3 and 11.2%, respectively. The studied indicators of the production process, such as the fullness of seedlings, field germination, the number of plants before harvesting, the safety and survival of plants ensured the optimal, for the prevailing weather conditions, values of biological yield and grain yield of spring durum wheat, as well as the accumulation of straw mass left on the field, depending on the tillage systems – plowing by 20-22 cm, loosening by 10-12 cm and without mechanical processing in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Volga region. The coefficients of correlation of yield with quantitative indicators – field germination r = 0.63, germination completeness r = 0.71, number of plants before harvesting r = 0.57, plant survival r = 0.75, safety from germination to harvesting r = 0.58 showed a close direct relationship of signs.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):29-37
pages 29-37 views

TECHNOLOGY, MEANS OF MECHANIZATION AND POWER EQUIPMENT IN AGRICULTURE

Increase in methane yield from extrusion feed pretreatment. Izvestiia Samarskoi gosudarstvennoi selskokhoziaistvennoi akademii

Frolov D.I., Kurochkin A.A., Potapov M.A.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to study the effect of pre-extrusion treatment in changing the biogas output from various types of biomass of bird droppings. The article deals with the application of extruder to increase methane yield in biogas production. Extrusion was carried out to improve anaerobic digestion of different types of poultry litter. The extruder was tested on three types of agricultural biomass represented by 3 samples of poultry droppings with and without bedding. A single-screw extruder EK-40 was used for the experiment. The extruder was equipped with a 40 mm diameter working screw, the ratio of screw length to the screw diameter was 4:1, and the temperature regime of 140/170 °C was maintained by fixed screw speed. The overall relative increase in methane yield in biomass samples after extrusion was evaluated using analysis of variance. The resulting energy surplus from extruder use was calculated to determine which biomass types benefit most from extrusion. The electrical energy equivalent of methane yield from non-extruded and extruded material was compared after deducting the electrical energy input to the extruder. Samples were analyzed for temperature increase, maximum particle size, biogas release potential, energy release and energy consumption. The extruder treatment increased the biomass temperature by 6-34°C. Large particles (larger than 1 mm) were most affected by extruder treatment. Extrusion accelerated the decomposition of slowly degradable organic compounds and also promoted the decomposition of some organic compounds not degradable under normal conditions. Methane yields increased significantly, by 14-70% after 28 days of treatment and by 9-10% after 90 days of treatment. The equivalent of the electrical energy obtained from the methane minus the energy used by the extruder gave energy yields of 13-69% and 6-10% after 28 and 90 days, respectively.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):46-57
pages 46-57 views

Development of a design scheme of a photo-installation for low-volume cultivation of microgreens and vegetable crops

Evseev E.A., Vasiliev S.I., Mashkov S.V.

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to develop a design scheme of a phytoinstallation for low-volume cultivation of microgreens and vegetable crops. Currently, more and more people are showing interest in healthy nutrition, and therefore the cultivation of microgreens and vegetable crops is becoming especially relevant. For the cultivation of microgreens and vegetable crops, various installations are used, which can have different shapes, sizes and can be made of different materials. However, such installations have disadvantages: they are usually too large for use in private homes and do not provide the necessary range of microclimate parameters. In the course of the work, a constructive scheme of the phytoinstallation was developed, it includes a frame, transparent walls, white light fixtures, phyto-luminaires and a control unit. The control unit is located on the top cover of the phytoinstallation, includes toggle switches for switching on white light fixtures and phytoluminaires, a protective shutdown device and a remote-control module. Holes for micro-ventilation are made in the walls and top cover of the device. The micro-ventilation is regulated by means of special shutters manually. The calculation of the location of the lamps in the phytoinstallation was also carried out, the distance from the calculated surface to the lamps was calculated to be 0.26 m, the distance between the lamps was calculated to be 0.2 m. The total number of lamps is 5 pieces. The phytoluminescent lamps of the brand «Uniel UlI-P19-30W» with a power of 30 W with a luminous flux of 46 mmol/s and white light lamps of the brand «DPO-2x12» with a power of 24 W with a luminous flux of 4000 Lm. were selected.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):58-64
pages 58-64 views

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ZOOTECHNICS

Reproduction and blood parameters of the cows of different genotypes

Baymishev M.H., Baymishev H.B., Ukhtverov A.M., Samorodova A.A.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship of the reproductive function of the cows of different genotypes with blood parameters. To conduct the research, two groups of Holstein breeds of 25 heads each were formed, analogues in calving age, live weight, productivity, taking into account their linear affiliation (the first group of cows of the Reflection Sovering line, the second group of cows of the Vis Back Ideal line). The indicators of blood and reproductive function in cows of the studied groups were searched by generally accepted methods adopted in biology and animal science. It was found that morphological, biochemical, enzymatic blood indices of the cows, depending on the linear affiliation, are not the same. In the cows of the Reflection Sovering line, the blood content of hemoglobin is 9.88 g/l, thrombocytes – 168.58·109l, segmented neutrophils – 1.98%, monocytes – 1.24%, total protein – 7.95 g/l, total calcium – 0.43 mmol/l, glucose – 0.51 mmol more than the cows of the Vis Back Ideal lines. Vis Back Ideal cows, compared with the cows of the Reflection Sovering line, have higher beta-globulin content by 2.35%, AsAT and AlAT enzymes - by 7.38 and 5.93 u/l, respectively. The indicators of the reproductive function of the cows of the Reflection Sovering line for the duration of fetal excretion, cases of retention of the afterbirth, the end of uterine involution, the timing of fruitful insemination were lower, and the fertilization of the cows after calving was higher, compared with the group of the cows of the Vis Back Ideal lines.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):65-70
pages 65-70 views

Compensatory and regulatory reactions in the myelogram against the background of candidiasis of birds

Mannapova R.T., Shaikhulov R.R., Svistunov D.V.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to improve the system of prevention of candidiasis of the digestive tract of birds in quail farms. The red bone marrow is the central organ of immunity, in which myelopoiesis occurs – the formation of all shaped elements, the composition of which varies depending on different processes occurring in the body. The red bone marrow responds to the development of candidiasis of the digestive tract in the organ by immunocellular reactions aimed at protecting and restoring the body. The research was carried out in the laboratories of the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Beekeeping and Aquaculture of the Russian State Agrarian University – the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. The experiments were carried out on quails of the Japanese breed. The birds of group 1 served as a control – healthy. Quails of groups 2, 3 and 4 are affected by candidiasis of the digestive tract. The birds of groups 1 and 2 were in the same feeding and keeping conditions with quails of groups 3 and 4 of the experimental groups, but no additional manipulations were carried out with them. Quails of group 3 were subjected to traditional antimycotic therapy with nystatin, from the age of 30 days. Propolis extract was introduced into the diet of birds with candidamycosis of group 4. The authors determined the nature of the production of the main cell sprouts by the red bone marrow against the background of candida-mycoses of the digestive tract, and established the degree of restoration of the myelogram against the background of traditional antimycotic therapy with nystatin and propolis extract. Against the background of the development of candidiasis of the digestive tract, cytological disorders develop in the myelogram of quails in the form of an increase in the production of neutrophils by 1.55 times, eosinophils by 2.18 times, lymphocytes by 2.03 times and a decrease in the number of erythroid germ cells by 2.13 times. Traditional antimycotic therapy is not effective, because nystatin itself has a pronounced suppressive effect on the stressed body of young animals. Propolis extract contributes to the sparing effect and restoration of the functional activity of the red bone marrow and the balance of the cytological picture of the myelogram of birds.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):71-78
pages 71-78 views

Biochemical parameters of the blood of goats of the Zaanen breed when using a preparation based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Molyanova G.V., Semkina O.V., Statenko B.I., Vinokurova A.Р.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to increase the adaptive and productive indicators of small cattle when using a microbiological preparation based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. A micro-biological preparation based on B. amyloliquefaciens was produced in the research laboratory of the Peasant (Farmer) Farms «Tsirulev Evgeny Pavlovich». The preparation is a light brown liquid, the average concentration is 4×109, has bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The drug was prescribed to goats from the age of 60 days 20-30 minutes before feeding in the form of an aqueous solution of 10 ml (experimental group I) and 1 capsule (experimental group II) per 1 head 1 time a day for 2 months. At the age of 120 days, the goats of the experimental groups significantly exceeded the indicators of the control animals by 6.2% (p≤0.05) in the amount of total protein in the blood serum. The albumin content in the blood of animals of experimental group I was significantly higher – by 12.5% (p<0.05), experimental group II – by 14.7% (p<0.05), the amount of creatinine in the blood of animals of experimental group I was higher by 13.8% (p<0.05), experimental group II – by 10.6% (p<0.05) than in the blood of animals of the control group. The content of triglycerides significantly increased in the blood of animals of the experimental groups – by 14.0 and 17.5%, the amount of glucose was 4-7% higher than in the blood of control animals. The metabolic processes, lipid and energy exchanges in the experimental animals were more intensive compared to the control ones. The use of the preparation B. amyloliquefaciens to the goats of the Trans-Nenets breed contributed to an increase in the live weight of the animals. Conditionally, the additional profit for 60 days for 10 heads from the sale of animal meat of the I and II experimental groups was higher by 1168.00 and 965.00 rubles, respectively.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):79-86
pages 79-86 views

T-system of the birds immunity under the influence of bee products and against the background of the development of candidiasis

Mannapova R.T., Svistunov D.V., Shaikhulov R.R.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to improve the system of prevention of candidiasis of the digestive tract of birds in quail farms. The research was carried out in the laboratories of the Russian State Agrarian University – the Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. Quails of group 1 are healthy (control, without introducing biologically active bee products into the diet). Birds of the groups 2 and 6 were affected by candidiasis of the digestive tract. The birds of the groups 1 and 2 were in the same feeding and keeping conditions with quails of 3, 4, 5 (healthy) and 6 experimental groups, no additional manipulations were carried out with them. Wax moth extract was added to the diet of the birds of group 3, drone homogenate extract was added to the group 4, propolis extract was added to the group 5, propolis extract was added to the group 6 against the background of candidiasis of the digestive tract. It was found that the extract of cherry homogenate has a high biological activity, slightly inferior to it is the extract of propolis and then the extract of wax moth. The maximum increase in immunocompetent structural components – perivascular lymphoid couplings of the spleen of birds of groups 3, 4 and 5 was observed on day 60, compared with the data of quails of the group 2 affected by candidamycosis of the digestive tract, by 6.67, 8.89 and 7.78 times, the cortical substance of the thymus by 2.65, 3.39 and 2.79 times. To restore the morphofunctional activity of the spleen and thymus against the background of candidiasis of the digestive tract, propolis extract was selected as a more environmentally friendly and economical product for using in quail farming. Against the background of the development of candidamycosis of the digestive tract of quails (group 6), it contributed to the formation of T-dependent immunocompetent perivascular lymphoid couplings of the spleen, which exceeded the indicator of the birds group 2 by the end of the experiment by 6.41 times, the cortical substance of the thymus by 2.46 times, which contributed to the strengthening of antibody processes in the spleen, slowing the timing of thymus involution in as a result of activation and restoration of the immune mechanisms of the whole organism of the birds.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):87-95
pages 87-95 views

Growth and development of purebred bulls of different breeds and areas of productivity

Gazeev I.R., Karamaev S.V., Tagirov H.K., Karamaeva A.S.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to increase the intensity of breeding purebred bulls of different breeds and directions of productivity. Scientific and economic experience on the research topic was conducted in the conditions of modern livestock complexes of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Samara region. The object of research was purebred newborn bulls of different breeds, from which groups of 15 heads were formed in each: group I – Black-and–White bulls, group II – Holstein breed of dairy productivity, group III – Bestuzhev breed of combined (dairy-meat) productivity, group IV – Calmyk bulls, meat productivity direction. As a result of studying the intensity of growth in the ontogenesis of bulls of different breeds and directions of productivity, it was found that in animals of the dairy and combined directions of productivity when growing according to the technology adopted in dairy cattle breeding, the highest increases in live weight were noted in the period from 12 months of age, in bulls of the meat direction of productivity, when using feeding on the final fattening, on the contrary, in the period from 12 to 18 months of age. At the same time, it should be taken into account when breeding that breeds, in accordance with biological and breed characteristics, they differ significantly in linear dimensions and it also affects their meat qualities. As a result, at the age of 18 months, the live weight of bulls of the Holstein breed was higher than that of peers of the Black-and-White breed – by 67.3 kg (14.6%), Bestuzhevskaya – by 70.8 kg (15.5%), Kalmyk – by 33.9 kg (6.9%).

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):96-103
pages 96-103 views

Beta-carotene-containing preparation in growing broiler chickens

Salomatin V.V., Zlepkina N.A., Varakin A.T., Rudakov A.V.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to improve the meat productivity and physiological condition of broiler chickens by introducing the beta–carotene-containing preparation Carolin into the diets. In the studies, the broilers of the control group received full-fledged compound feed (PC), the poultry of the 1st experimental group, in addition to the PC, were given 2.0 liters of the preparation Carolin per 1 ton of compound feed, the 2nd experimental – 2.5 liters and the 3rd experimental – 3.0 liters. According to the results obtained, the coefficients of digestibility of dry matter of mixed feed of chickens of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups are higher than the control group, respectively, by 0.87, 2.17 and 1.70%, crude protein – by 1.07, 1.71 and 1.24%, crude fat – by 0.85, 1.98 and 1.10%, crude fiber – by 0.70, 1.78 and 1.28%, nitrogen-free extractive substances – by 0.70, 1.26 and 0.89%. The nitrogen balance in the poultry was positive, its use from the intake with the diet in the young of the experimental groups was higher, respectively, by 2.10, 4.38 and 2.16% than in the poultry in the control group. The content of erythrocytes in the blood of broilers of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups increased by 5.57, 8.71 and 6.62%, respectively, hemoglobin – by 2.24, 5.17 and 3.18%, total serum protein – by 1.55, 4.43 and 2.52%, albumins – by 2.71; 8.07 and 5.04%. According to the protein index of blood serum, the chickens of the experimental groups also outperformed the young of the control group by 1.64, 4.92 and 3.28%. The advantage of broilers of the experimental groups in pre–slaughter weight was 2.08, 4.48 and 2.46%, the mass of the gutted carcass was 2.25, 5.35 and 2.73%, the slaughter yield was 0.12, 0.60 and 0.19%. The best results on the studied indicators were shown by broiler chickens when the Сarolin preparation was introduced into the diet in an amount of 2.5 liters per 1 ton of feed.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):104-110
pages 104-110 views

Immune status of colostrum of cows of different breeds and areas of productivity

Gazeev I.R., Karamaeva A.S., Karamaev S.V., Bagautdinov A.M.

Abstract

The aim of the research is to improve the quality of colostrum of cows of different breeds and directions of productivity, to reduce the incidence of calves in the first month after birth. The object of the research were the cows and the newborn calves of 15 heads in the group: group I – Black and Motley breed, group II – Holstein breed, dairy productivity direction, group III – Bestuzhevskaya breed, dairy and meat productivity direction, group IV – Calico breed, meat productivity direction. The research material was the milk of mother cows and the blood of the newborn calves on the first day after birth. The studies have shown that the breeds of different productivity directions differ significantly in the quality of colostrum. The highest indicators were noted in the colostrum of Kalmyk cows, which surpassed other breeds in MJ – by 1.2-2.9%, MDB – by 1.2-8.1%, globulin content – by 1.3-5.2%, immunoglobulins – by 29.4-141.5%. It is very important for the formation of cellular immunity how quickly immunoglobulins pass from colostrum into the blood of infants. It was found that 6 hours after drinking the first portion of colostrum, above the lower threshold of the physiological norm (10 mg/ml), the content of immunoglobulins in the blood of Black-and–White calves was 3.6%, Bestuzhevskaya – 17.9%, Kalmyk – 23.1%, Holstein, on the contrary, below the norm by 11.7%. It is noted that most of the diseases of the calves occur in the first 15 days after the birth. Of the total number of cases during this period, 71.4% of animals fell ill in the Black-and-White breed group, Holstein – 90.0%, Bestuzhevskaya – 66.7%, not a single calf fell ill in the Kalmyk breed group.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):111-118
pages 111-118 views

Effective biologically active preparations for chicken

Zlepkina N.A., Salomatin V.V., Varakin A.T., Zlepkin4 V.A.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of rearing and the physiological state of broiler chickens by including the preparation Carolin in combination with various probiotic preporations in the diets: Subtilis-Zh, Bacell-M, Cellobacterin-T. The poultry diets of all groups consisted of complete compound feeds. Broilers of the experimental groups additionally received the preporation Carolin in the amount of 2.5 liters per one ton of complete compound feeds. The poultry of the experimental groups were also fed various probiotic preparations: the 1st experimental – Subtilis-Zh in the amount of 0.35 kg per ton of complete compound feeds, the 2nd – Bacell-M – 2.0 kg and the 3rd experimental – Cellobacterin-T – 1.0 kg per ton of complete compound feeds. The use of the studied preporations in the diets had a positive effect on the zootechnical and physiological parameters of chickens. The broilers of the experimental groups are characterized by a higher consumption of compound feeds, while the feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain is less, respectively, by 1.65, 2.20 and 3.85% than in the control. At the age of 40 days, the young animals of the 1st experimental group had a 2.09% superiority in live weight over the basic variant, the 2nd experimental group – by 2.48%, the 3rd experimental group – by 4.80%. Compared with the control, the chickens of the experimental groups had an average daily increase with an advantage, respectively, of 2.01, 2.40 and 4.76%, with a better preservation of 2.0-4.0%. The introduction of biologically active preporations into the broiler diets had a positive effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood. However, the best result according to the studied indicators was observed in the bird of the 3rd experimental group.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):119-125
pages 119-125 views

Meat qualities and morphological composition of carcasses of crossbred young beef cattle

Khakimov I.N., Vlasova N.I., Buchvalova E.G., Zaitseva E.S.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to increase the meat productivity of young cattle by using the high potential of meat qualities of specialized meat breeds when crossing with cows of the combined direction of productivity. In our research, we crossed cows of the Simmental breed with bulls of specialized meat breeds – Hereford and Belgian blue and compared crossbred young animals with purebred young stock of the Simmental breed. The data on the slaughter qualities of young animals of different origin and the morphological composition of bull carcasses at the age of 18 months are presented. Interbreed crossing had a positive impact on the development of meat qualities of crossbred young animals. The mass of carcasses in crossbreds from a bull of the Belgian blue breed was 15.9%, more than the mass of the carcass of purebred bulls and 25.8 kg more than that of crossbreeds from a Hereford bull (by 8.3%, P≥0.95). The superiority in this indicator in crossbred bulls from the Hereford bull over purebred peers was 20.4 kg or 7.1%. The highest yield of carcass was found in half-breeds of the Belgian blue breed – 58.6%, which is 3.0% more than in group 5. Half-bred animals with Hereford blood had a 1.8% higher carcass yield than purebred Simmentals. The carcasses of bulls of all studied groups were distinguished by good development of muscle and adipose tissue, with a relatively low content of inedible tissues. The carcasses of bulls-descendants differed from the bull of the Belgian blue breed in the greatest amount of muscle tissue, as well as their outputs, in second place were crossbred bulls from Hereford bulls.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):126-133
pages 126-133 views

Research of polymorphism of promising candidate gene RIPK2 in sheep

Soloveva A.D., Koshkina O.A.

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to develop a test system and further approbation for the results of determining the polymorphism of the genotypes of the RIPK2 gene. Technologies based on the use of DNA markers associated with productive qualities are becoming increasingly popular at the present stage of animal husbandry development. These technologies are successfully used in many breeding programs of different countries with highly developed livestock breeding. Due to the increase in the rate of lamb production, the share of specialized meat breeds is increasing worldwide, and the requirements for meat products for meat-wool and wool sheep are increasing. Of great interest are genetic markers interconnected with candidate genes, whose protein products occupy key positions in the creation of physiological and biochemical processes and management. The search and investigation of the polymorphism of new informative genetic markers associated with meat productivity parameters is very relevant. Primers and probes were selected with targeted SNPs in the RIPK2 gene with a length of 60 nucleotide pairs based on the reference DNA sequence on the ninth chromosome (NC_056062.1) sheep represented in NCBI. To determine the polymorphism, real-time PCR-based test systems were developed. Genotypes were determined according to a multiparametric graph. The test system was tested on 148 sheep of the southern meat breed. The developed test system for the promising RIPK2 gene made it possible to clearly determine the genotypes of sheep in the PCR-RT format. All three genotypes (C/G, C/C and G/G) were identified in the RIPK2 gene. The test system can be recommended for DNA analysis in molecular genetic laboratories.

Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy. 2023;8(4):134-141
pages 134-141 views

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