Current concepts of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the possibilities of prevention and correction in the context of anti-aging medicine

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Abstract

Sarcopenia is based on a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology. Key mechanisms include skeletal muscle anabolic resistance (a reduced ability of muscle tissue to respond with protein synthesis to amino acid intake and physical activity), chronic subclinical inflammation (inflammaging), dysregulation of the IGF-1, PI3K, Akt, and mTORC1 signaling axis, insulin resistance, increased proteolysis via the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction with impaired mitophagy, and degeneration of the neuromuscular junction. The contribution of these processes leads to a deterioration in the quality and quantity of muscle fibers with aging. Risk factors for sarcopenia are divided into primary (age-related changes) and secondary (comorbidities, sedentary lifestyle, protein and micronutrient deficiencies). Current research confirms that the best clinical outcomes are achieved with a combination of progressive strength training, adequate protein intake (rich in essential amino acids), and correction of nutrient deficiencies, combined with targeted interventions for sarcopenia-associated metabolic pathways.

HIFEM and HIFES hardware technologies deserve special attention in the prevention and correction of sarcopenia.

About the authors

Elena V. Svechnikova

Russian Biotechnological University (ROSBIOTECH); Polyclinic No. 1 of the Presidential Executive Office, Moscow

Email: maria_morzhanaeva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5885-4872
SPIN-code: 5772-7930

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Professor, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Medical Institute of Continuous Education

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

Maria A. Morzhanaeva

BTL LLC

Author for correspondence.
Email: maria_morzhanaeva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8657-9559
SPIN-code: 5506-3811

Cand.Sci. (Med.), Cosmetologist, Dermatologist, Medical Director of the Aesthetic Department

Russian Federation, Moscow

Grigory B. Arutyunyan

Expert Multidisciplinary Clinic OMNIUS; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University

Email: arutyunyan.g82@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9454-0854

Senior Lecturer, Skripkin Department of Dermatovenereology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbiology

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

Natalya O. Artemyeva

Expert Multidisciplinary Clinic OMNIUS

Email: natalya.artemeva.89@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5619-6757

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Nutritionist, Geneticist

Russian Federation, Moscow

Alena V. Devyatova

Expert Multidisciplinary Clinic OMNIUS

Email: alyona9va@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0498-2673

Dermatovenerologist

Russian Federation, Moscow

Valentina E. Lemytskaya

BTL LLC

Email: maria_morzhanaeva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5039-4691
SPIN-code: 6232-3620

Neurologist, Dermatovenerologist, Cosmetologist

Russian Federation, Moscow

Viktor V. Gladko

Medical Institute of Continuous Education, Russian Biotechnological University (ROSBIOTECH)

Email: dr.gladko@mgupp.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3087-5038

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director, Head of the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases with a Course in Cosmetology

Russian Federation, Moscow

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