Myofascial pain syndrome (MFPS) is one of the main sources of musculoskeletal pain in adults and children. The presence of musculoskeletal back pain impacts on the performance efficiency and education of children, which leads to the social, habitable and working maladjustment of the patients, as well as a violation of their quality of life. The main reasons for the development of MFPS include stretching the muscles (bad jump, turn); repeated microtrauma (chronic overexertion, long-term work of untrained muscles); postural overexertion (prolonged exposure to non-physiological position); muscle hypothermia; emotional stress. Correct diagnosis depends largely on the completeness of the information, medical history, detailed analysis of the patient’s complaints and on careful clinical examination, which, in addition to the traditional neurological examination, should include methods of manual diagnostics, evaluation of muscle condition and paraclinical methods. So far, all these questions about the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of MFPS in children are not well understood and require further discussion.