<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmateca</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmateca</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фарматека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-4034</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9128</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">313311</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/pharmateca.2021.13.31-43</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Facet syndrome in the clinical picture of dorsopathies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фасеточный синдром в клинической картине дорсопатий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачев</surname><given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Neurologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач невролог</p></bio><email>tkachevclinic@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeeva</surname><given-names>I. E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеева</surname><given-names>И. Е</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Epifanov</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Епифанов</surname><given-names>А. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akarachkova</surname><given-names>E. S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акарачкова</surname><given-names>Е. С</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhurbenko</surname><given-names>V. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журбенко</surname><given-names>В. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>А. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tkachev Clinic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника Ткачева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tkachev Epifanov Clinic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника Ткачева Епифанова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">International Society «Stress under Control»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международное общество «Стресс под контролем»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical and Diagnostic Center «Medical Institute n.a. Berezin Sergey</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лечебно-диагностический центр «Медицинский институт им. Березина Сергея»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>13</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO13 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №13 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-03"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/313311">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/313311</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Facet syndrome (FS) is the main cause of pain in 10-15% of young adult patients with chronic low back pain and much more often in older populations (according to various sources, from 40 to 85-90%). Each spine segment consists of the intervertebral disc, vertebral bodies, and posterior paired synovial joints, which make up a «three-component complex», where each component affects the other two, allowing a variety of movements, and the spine is a flexible mobile structure. Many authors have demonstrated pathological degenerative changes in these joints over time, as well as the associated inflammatory changes. The most common cause of facet joint disease is degenerative changes in the spine. FS is characterized by a relapsing course, gradual development, slow regression of each painful episode, a tendency to lengthening and aggravation of each subsequent exacerbation. A clinical case of a patient with chronic low back pain is presented. After examination and appropriate treatment, the patient noted an improvement. Conclusion. The clinical assessment of patients with suspected FS is based on the features of the clinical picture, «pain pattern», special tests that allow correct differential diagnosis with similar nosological forms and prescribe an optimal treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Фасеточный синдром (ФС) - основной источник боли у 10-15% молодых взрослых пациентов с хронической болью в нижней части спины и гораздо чаще - в более старших популяциях (по разным источникам, от 40 до 85-90%). Каждый сегмент позвоночника состоит из межпозвонкового диска и тел позвонков, а также задних парных синовиальных суставов, составляющих «трехкомпонентный комплекс», где каждый компонент влияет на два других, благодаря чему возможны разнообразные движения, а позвоночник является гибкой подвижной структурой. Многие авторы продемонстрировали патологические дегенеративные изменения, которым подвержены эти суставы с течением времени, а также воспалительные изменения, связанные с ними. Наиболее распространенной причиной заболевания фасеточных суставов служат дегенеративные изменения позвоночника. Для ФС характерны рецидивирующее течение, постепенное развитие, медленный регресс каждого болевого эпизода, тенденция к удлинению и утяжелению каждого последующего обострения. Представлено клиническое наблюдение пациентки с хроническим болевым синдромом в области поясницы. После обследования и проведения соответствующего лечения пациентка отметила улучшение. Заключение. Клиническая оценка пациентов с подозрением на ФС основана на особенностях клинической картины, «рисунка боли», специальных тестах, которые позволяют правильно проводить дифференциальную диагностику со схожими нозологическими формами и назначить оптимальное лечение.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>facet syndrome</kwd><kwd>facetjoints</kwd><kwd>chronic back pain</kwd><kwd>degenerative changes in the spine</kwd><kwd>low back pain</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фасеточный синдром</kwd><kwd>фасеточные суставы</kwd><kwd>хроническая боль в спине</kwd><kwd>дегенеративные изменения позвоночника</kwd><kwd>боль в нижней части спины</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Declaration on Pain - EFIC. [En ligne]. Available via: http://www.europeanpainfederation.eu/about-efic/efic-declaration-on-pain/. Accessed: 8 February 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators. Lancet. 2015;386(9995):743-800. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Schmidt C., Raspe H., Pfingsten M., et al. Back pain in the German adult population. Spine. 2007;37(18):2005-11. Doi: 10.1097/ BRS.0b013e318133fad8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Binder D.S., Nampiaparampil D.E. The provocative lumbar facet joint. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009;2(1):15-24. Doi: 10.1007/s12178-008-9039-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Saravanakumar K., Harvey A. Lumbarzygapophyseal (facet) joint pain. Rev Pain. 2008;2(1):8-13. doi: 10.1177/204946370800200103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Gellhorn A.C., Katz J.N., Suri P. Osteoarthritis of the spine: the facet joints. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9:216-24. Doi: 10.1177/204946370800200103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kalichman L., Li L., Kim D.H., et al. Facet joint osteoarthritis and low back pain in the community-based population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33:2560-65. Doi: 10.1177/204946370800200103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Eubanks J.D., Lee M.J., Cassinelli E., Ahn N.U. Prevalence of lumbar facet arthrosis and its relationship to age, sex, and race: an anatomic study of cadaveric specimens. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32:2058-62. Doi: 10.1097/ BRS.0b013e318145a3a9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Harris R.I., Macnab I. Structural changes in the lumbar intervertebral discs; their relationship to low back pain and sciatica. J. Bone Joint Surg Br. 1954;36-B:304-22. Doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.36B2.304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Wiesel S.W., Tsourmas N., Feffer H.L., et al. A study of computer-asssted tomography The inciedence of positive CATscans in an asymptomatic group of patient. Spine. 1984;9:549-51. Doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.36B2.304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Горбачева Ф.Е. Спондилоартроз позвоночника: диагностика и лечение. М., 2007. 12 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Подымова И.Г., Данилов А.Б. Фасет-синдром. Русский медицинский журнал (РМЖ). Специальный выпуск «Болевой синдром». 2014. 47-48 c. Podymova I.G., Danilov A.B. Facet syndrome. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal (RMZh). Special issue «Pain Syndrome». 2014. 47-48 p. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Pampati V., Fellows B., Bakhit C.E. Prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician. 1999;2(3):59-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Pampati V., Fellows B., Baha A.G. The inability of the clinical picture to characterize pain from facet joints. Pain Physician. 2000;3(2):158-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Brummett C.M., Cohen S.P. Facet joint pain in Benzon: Raj's Practical Management of pain. 4 th ed. Mosby, 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Masharawi Y., Rothschild B., Dar G., et al. Facet orientation in the thoracolumbar spine: threedimensional anatomic and biomechanical analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(16):1755-63. Doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000134575.04084.ef.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Masharawi Y., Rothschild B., Salame K. et al. Facet tropism and interfacet shape in the thoracolumbar vertebrae: characterization and biomechanical interpretation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(11):E281-92. Doi: 10.1097/01. brs.0000164098.00201.8d.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Путилина М.В. Дорсопатия грудного отдела позвоночного столба. Пособие для врачей. М., 2009. 104 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pal G.P., Routai R.V. Mechanism of change in the orientation of the articular process of the zygapophyseai joint at the thoracolumbar junction. J. Anat. 1999;195(Pt. 2):199-209.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Juan Carlos Acevedo Gonzalez. Validation of a new clinical sign of lumbar facet syndrome. Coluna/ Columna. 2018;17(4):303-7. Doi: 10.1590/ s1808-185120181704160077.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The mechanical function of the lumbar apophyseal joints. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983;8(3):327-30. Doi: 10.1097/00007632-198304000-00017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Yahia L.H., Garzon S. Structure on the capsular ligaments of the facet joints. Ann Anat. 1993;175(2):185-88. Doi: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80179-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Bogduk N., Wilson A.S., Tynan W. The human lumbar dorsal rami. J. Anat. 1982;134 (Pt. 2): 383-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bogduk N. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. NLMCatalog - NCBi. [En ligne]. Available via: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/9801582. Accessed: 31 January 2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Pampati V., Fellows B., Bakhit C.E. Prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician. 1999;2(3):59-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Goldthwait J.E. The lumbosacral articulation: an explanation of many cases of lumbago, sciatica, and paraplegia. Boston Med Surg J. 1911;164:365-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ghormley R.K. Low back pain with special reference to the articular facets, with presentation of an operative procedure. JAMA. 1933;101:773.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Badgley C.E. The articular facets in relation to low back pain and sciatic radiation. J. Bone Joint Surg Am. 1941;23:481-96.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Singh V. Review of chronic low back pain of facet joint origin. Pain Physician. 2002;5(1):83-101.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Wang J., Yang X. Age-related changes in the orientation of lumbar facet joints. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(17):E596-98. Doi: 10.1097/ BRS.0b013e3181abbf1e.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Masharawi Y., Dar G., Peleg S., et al. Lumbar facet anatomy changes in spondylolysis: a comparative skeletal study. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(7):993-99. Doi: 10.1007/s00586-007-0328-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Tischer T., Aktas T., Milz S., Putz R.V. Detailed pathological changes of human lumbar facet joints L1-L5 in elderly individuals. Eur Spine J. 2005;15(3):308-15. Doi: 10.1007/s00586- 005-0958-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Chaput C., Padon D., Rush J., et al. The significance of increased fluid signal on magnetic resonance imaging in lumbar facets in relationship to degenerative spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(17):1993-97. Doi: 10.1097/ BRS.0b013e318113271a.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Igarashi A., Kikuchi S., Konno S., Olmarker K. inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(19):2091-95. Doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000141265.55411.30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Friedrich K.M., Nemec S., Peloschek P., et al. The prevalence of lumbar facet joint edema in patients with low back pain. Skelet Radiol. 2007;36(8):755-60. Doi: 10.1007/s00256-007-0293-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Визило Т.Л., Визило А.Д., Трубицина М.В. и др. Фасеточный синдром на поясничном уровне у пожилых пациентов: диагностика и лечение. Лечащий врач. 2016;4:102-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Воробьева О.В. Фасеточный синдром. Вопросы терапии и профилактики. Русский медицинский журнал (РМЖ). 2013;32:1647.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Cavanaugh J.M., Ozaktay A.C., Yamashita H.T. King A.i. Lumbar facet pain: biomechanics, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. J. Biomech. 1996;29(9):1117-29. Doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(96)00023-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Igarashi A., Kikuchi S., Konno S., Olmarker K. inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(19):2091-95. Doi: 10.1097/01.brs. 0000141265.55411.30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Луцик А.А. Патогенез клинических проявлений спондилоартроза. Международный неврологический журнал. 2009;3(25):130-35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kos J., Wolf J. Die “Menisci" der Zwischen-wirbelgelenke und ihre mogliche Rolle bei Wirbelblockierung. Man Med. 1972;10:105-14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Гонгальский В.В. Механизм острой фазы болевого фасеточного синдрома на примере грудного отдела позвоночника. Укранський невролог1чний журнал. 2014;2:87-92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Cohen S., Raia S. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet joint pain). Anesthesiol. 2007;106:591-614. Cohen S., Raia S. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet joint pain). Anesthesiol. 2007;106:591-614.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Lau P., Mercer S., Govind J., Bogduk N. The surgical anatomy of lumbar medial branch neurotomy (facet denervation). Pain Med. 2004;5(3):289- 98. Doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2004.04042.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>McCarberg B.H., Ruoff G.E., Tenzeriglesias P., Weil A.J. Diagnosis and treatment of lowback pain because of paraspinous muscle spasm: a physician roundtable. Pain Med. 2011;12(Suppl. 4):S119- 27. Doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01253.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Kang YM., Choi W.S., Pickar J.G. Electrophysiologic evidence for an intersegmental reflex pathway between lumbar paraspinal tissues. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(3):E56-63. Doi: 10.1097/00007632-200202010-00005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Piraccini E., Calli M., Corso R.M., et al. Abdominal and pelvic pain: an uncommon sign in lumbar facet joint syndrome. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83(1):104-5. Doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.16.11424-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Perolat R., Kastler A., Nicot B., et al. Facet joint syndrome: from diagnosis to interventional management. insights into imag. 2018;9:773-89. doi: 10.1007/s13244-018-0638-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Gomez Vega J.C., Acevedo-Gonzalez J.C. Clinical diagnosis scale for pain lumbar of facetorigin: systematic review of literature and pilotstudy. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2018;30(3):133-43. pii: S1130-1473(18)30051-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Helbig Т., Lee C. K. The lumbar facet syndrome. Spine. 1988;13:61-4. doi: 10.1097/00007632198801000-00015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Давыдов О.С. Остеоартрит фасеточных суставов как одна из составляющих неспецифической боли в спине. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2019;11(Прил. 2):76-82.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Deyo R.A., Weinstein J.N. Low Back Pain. N. Engl J. Med. 2001 ;344(5):363-70. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM200102013440508.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Kalichman L., Hunter D.J. Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis: a review. Semin Arthr Rheum. 2007;37(2):69-80. doi: 10.1016/j. semarthrit.2007.01.007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Pathria M., Sartoris D.J., Resnick D. Osteoarthritis of the facet joints: accuracy of oblique radiographic assessment. Radiol. 1987;164:227-30. doi: 10.1148/radiology.164.1.3588910.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Weishaupt D., Zanetti M., Boos N., et al. MR imaging and CT in osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joints. Skelet Radiol. 1999;28:215-19. doi: 10.1007/s002560050503.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Fujiwara A., Tamai K., Yamato M., et al. The relationship between facet joint osteoarthritis and disc degeneration of the lumbar spine: an MRI study. Eur Spine J. 1999;8(5):396-401. doi: 10.1007/s005860050193.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Lateef H., Patel D. What is the role of imaging in acute low back pain? Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009;2(2):69-73.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Falco F.J., Manchikanti L., Datta S., et al. An update of the systematic assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks. Pain Physician. 2012;15(6):E869-907.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Dreyfuss PH., Dreyer S.J. Lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint injections. Spine J. 2003;3:505-95.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Cohen S.P., Williams K.A., Kurihara C., et al. Multicenter, randomized, comparative cost-effectiveness study comparing 0, 1, and 2 diagnostic medial branch (facet joint nerve) block treatment paradigms before lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Anesthesiol. 2010;113(2):395-405.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Abdi S., Atluri S. et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician. 2013;16(Suppl. 2):S49-283.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Markwalder T.M., Merat M. The lumbar and lumbosacral facet-syndrome. Diagnostic measures, surgical treatment and results in 119 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;128:40-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Urits I., Burshtein A., Sharma M., et al. Low Back Pain, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(3):23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Cohen S.P., Raja S.N. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiol. 2007;106(3):591-614.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Kalichman L., Hunter D.J. Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis: a review. Semin Arthr Rheum. 2007;37(2):69-80.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Chou R., Huffman L. Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review. Glenview, IL: American Pain Society. 2009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Datta S., Derby R., et al. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: part 1. Diagnostic interventions. Pain Physician. 2010;13:E141-74.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Falco F.J., Manchikanti L., Datta S., et al. An update of the effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2012;15: E909-53.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Datta S., Gupta S., et al. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: part 2. Therapeutic interventions. Pain Physician. 2010;13:E215-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Hirsch J.A., Falco J.E., Boswell М. Management of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. W. J. Orthop. 2016;7(5):315-37. Published on-line 2016 May 18. Doi: 10.5312/ wjo.v7.i5.315.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Pampati V., Falco F.J., Hirsch J.A. An updated assessment of utilization of interventional pain management techniques in the Medicare population: 2000-2013. Pain Physician. 2015;18:E115-27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Pampati V., Singh V., Falco F.J. Assessment of the escalating growth of facet joint interventions in the medicare population in the United States from 2000 to 2011. Pain Physician. 2013;16:E365-78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Manchikanti K.N., Cash K.A., et al. Age-related prevalence of facet-joint involvement in chronic neck and low back pain. Pain Physician. 2008;11:67-75.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Nampiaparampil D.E., Manchikanti K.N., et al. Comparison of the efficacy of saline, local anesthetics, and steroids in epidural and facet joint injections for the management of spinal pain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:S194-235. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.156598.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Радченко В.А. Лечебные блокады с использованием кортикостероидов при дистрофически-деструктивных заболеваниях поясничного отдела позвоночника. Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. 2000;3:116-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Рыбак В.А., Гордеева И.Е., Бабушкин Я.Х. и др. Инвазивные методы лечения в неврологии. Волгоград, 2009. 300 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Рыбак В.А., Гордеева И.Е., Матохина Н.В. Эффективность нового способа лечения болевых синдромов в области спины - поэтапного микроинвазивного курсового лечения. Сборник «Актуальные проблемы современной ревматологии». Волгоград, 2010. С. 80-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Рыбак В.А., Гордеева И.Е., Матохина Н.В., Бабушкин Я.Х. Поэтапное микроинвазивное лечение болевых синдромов в области спины. Методическое пособие. Волгоград, 2010. 38 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Исайкин А.И., Кузнецов И.В., Кавелина А.В., Иванова М.А. Фасеточный синдром: причины возникновения, клиника, диагностика и лечение. Consilium Medicum. 2016;18(2):53-61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Lee J., Gupta S., Price C., Baranowski A.P. Low back and radicular pain: a pathway for care developed by the British Pain Society. J. Anaesth. 2013;111(1):112-20. doi: 10.1093/bja/ aet172.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Dagenais S., Tricco A.C., Haldeman S. Synthesis of recommendations for the assessment and management of low back pain from recent clinical practice guidelines. Spine J. 2010;10(6):514-29. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.03.032.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Hochberg M.C. Structure-modifying effects of chondroitin sulfate in knee osteoarthritis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of 2-year duration. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(Suppl. 1):S28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Lambert C., Mathy-Hartert M., Dubuc J.-E., et al. Characterization of synovial angiogenesis in osteoarthritis patients and its modulation by chondroitin sulfate. Arthr Res Ther. 2012;14(2):R58. doi: 10.1186/ar3771.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Поворознюк В.В. Глюкозамин и хондроитин в лечении остеоартроза: данные литературы и результаты собственных исследований. Русский медицинский журнал (РМЖ). 2006;14(4):1-5. Povoroznyuk UU Glucosamine and chondroitin in the treatment of osteoarthritis: literature data and the results of our own research. Russkii meditsinskii zhurnal (RMZh). 2006;14(4):1-5. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Baici A., Bradamante P. Interaction between human leukocyte elastase and chondroitin sulfate. Chem Biol Interact. 1984;51:1-11. doi: 10.1016/0009-2797(84)90015-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Lippielo L., Grande D. In vitro chondroprotection of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in a rabbit model of a OA and demonstration of metabolic synergy on chondrocyte in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59(Suppl.1):266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Yaron I., Shirasi R., Judovich R., et al. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in synovial cell cultures and reverses IL-1 inhibition of cartilage synthesis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;55(Suppl.1):265.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Reveliere D., Mentz F., Merie-Beral H., et al.Protective effect of chondroitin 4,6-sulfate onapoptosis of rabbit articular chondrocytes -preliminary results. In: G. Mautone, E. Tajana, S. Rovati, D. Vacher, eds. New appoaches in OA. Zurich: Litera Rheumatologica 24, EULAR. 1999;15-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Lippielo L., Woodword J., Karpman D., et al.Beneficial effect of cartilage structure modifying agents tested in chondrocyte and rabbit instability model osteoartrosis. Arthr Rheum. 1955;Suppl. 42:256.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Houpt J.B., McMillan R., et al. Effect of treatment of glucosamine hydrochloride in the treatment of pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. J. Rheum. 1558;25(Suppl. 52):8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Christensen K.D., Bucci L.R. Comparison of nutritional supplement effects on functional assessments of lower back patients measured by an objective computer-assisted tester. Second Symposium on Nutrition and Chiropractic. Davenport: Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1585. P. 15-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Чернышева Т.В., Багирова Г. Г. Двухлетний опыт применения хондролона при остеохондрозе позвоночника. Казанский медицинский журнал. 2005;3:347-54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Мазуров В.И., Беляева И.Б. Применение структума в комплексном лечении синдрома болей в нижней части спины. Терапевтический архив. 2004;8:68-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Барулин А.Е., Курушина О.В. Хондропротекторы в комплексной терапии болей в спине. Русский медицинский журнал (РМЖ). 2013;5:1-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Manchikanti L., Helm S., Singh V., et al. Algorithmic Approach for Clinical Management of Chronic Spinal Pain. Pain Physician. 2005;12:E225-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Hancock M.J., Maher C.G., Laslett M., et al. Discussion paper: what happened to the ‘bio' in the bio-psycho-social model of low back pain? Eur Spine J. 2011;20(12):2105-10. doi: 10.1007/ s00586-011-1886-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Brennan G.P., Fritz J.M., Hunter S.J., et al. Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/ subacute «nonspecific» low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1576). 2006;31(6):623-31. doi: 10.1057/01. brs.0000202807.72252.a8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Amirdelfan K., McRoberts P., Deer T.R. The differential diagnosis of low back pain: a primer on the evolving paradigm. Neuromodulat. 2014;17(Suppl. 2):11-7. doi: 10.1111/ ner.12173.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Koes B., Van Tulder M., Chung-Wei C.L. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2010;15:2075-54. doi: 10.1007/ s00586-010-1502-y.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
