<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmateca</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmateca</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фарматека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-4034</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9128</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693750</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/pharmateca.2025.7.131-140</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative efficacy of two broad-spectrum antiviral drugs universally used for the treatment of COVID-19 in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительная эффективность двух противовирусных препаратов широкого спектра действия, универсально используемых для лечения COVID-19 у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1960-6868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meskina</surname><given-names>Elena R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мескина</surname><given-names>Елена Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Children’s Infectious Diseases Department, Professor at the Department of Children’s Diseases, Faculty of Continuous Medical Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. детским инфекционным отделением, профессор кафедры детских болезней факультета усовершенствования врачей</p></bio><email>meskinaelena@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8293-6643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khadisova</surname><given-names>Marima K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хадисова</surname><given-names>Марима Касумовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Children’s Infectious Diseases Department, Professor at the Department of Children’s Diseases, Faculty of Continuous Medical Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н, старший науч. сотр. отделения детских инфекций отдела терапии</p></bio><email>murzabekova.marina.1979@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-8402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tselipanova</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Целипанова</surname><given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Children’s Infectious Diseases Department, Professor at the Department of Children’s Diseases, Faculty of Continuous Medical Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший науч. сотр. отделения детских инфекций отдела терапии</p></bio><email>elena-tselip@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0052-2867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkina</surname><given-names>Lidiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкина</surname><given-names>Лидия Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Children’s Infectious Diseases Department, Professor at the Department of Children’s Diseases, Faculty of Continuous Medical Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший науч. сотр. отделения детских инфекций отдела терапии</p></bio><email>lidiya140855@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>131</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/693750">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/693750</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Data on the efficacy and safety of antiviral drugs in children with COVID-19 are limited and do not allow a definitive conclusion about the advantages of any drug.</p> <p><bold>Objective: </bold>Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of two antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action in the treatment of COVID-19 in children: oral umifenovir (UMF) and (interferon) IFN for intranasal use.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods: </bold>A retrospective analysis of 130 medical records of children aged 2 to 18 years with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 who received inpatient treatment during 2020–2022, during the period of spread of the initial SARS-CoV-2 variants and early Omicron variants, was conducted. The study included children with non-severe COVID-19 (moderate form 65.4%, pneumonia 36%) without risk factors who received umifenovir (UMF, n=86) or intranasal recombinant alpha-2b interferon (IFN, n=44), discharged from the hospital with recovery and a control RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p><bold>Results: </bold>In mild COVID-19, the duration of weakness was shorter in those receiving UMF than in the IFN group (1.83±0.79 vs. 2.73±1.35 days, p=0.030; difference 0.9 days [95% CI: 0.2–1.6]), and in moderate COVID-19, the duration of rhinitis was shorter (4.8±1.67 vs. 7.5±1.64 days, respectively, p=0.009; difference 2.7 days [1.5–3.7]). The absence of dynamics of lung lesion volume on CT scans was rare: 1.2% [95% CI: 0.0–3.5] in the UMF group and 4.5% [0.12–8.89] in the IFN group, respectively (p&gt;0.05). UMF reduced the risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA re-isolation at the time of clinical recovery (days 6–9 of illness) by 19.0% [95% CI: 3.6–34.5]; OR 0.402 [0.199–0.810]; OR 0.310 [95% CI: 0.299–0.779] (12.8% versus 31.8%, respectively, p=0.010). There were no adverse events with the use of UMF and IFN.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>The use of UMF for the treatment of non-severe COVID-19 in children has some clinical advantages compared to the intranasal form of IFN. UMF reduced the risks of lack of virological sanitation at the time of clinical recovery. It is advisable to conduct additional pediatric prospective studies to determine the therapeutic and antiviral potential in COVID-19 caused by new SARS-CoV2 variants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование:</bold> Данные об эффективности и безопасности противовирусных средств у детей с COVID-19 ограничены и не позволяют сделать однозначный вывод о преимуществах какого-либо препарата.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования:</bold> Сравнительная оценка эффективности двух противовирусных препаратов с различным механизмом действия в лечении COVID-19 у детей: пероральной формы УМФ и ИФН для интраназального применения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы:</bold> Проведен ретроспективный анализ 130 историй болезни детей в возрасте от 2 до 18 лет с подтвержденной в ПЦР-ОТ COVID-19, получавших стационарное лечение в течение 2020–2022 гг., в периоде распространения исходных вариантов SARS-CoV-2 и ранних вариантов Omicron. В исследование были включены дети с нетяжелой COVID-19 (среднетяжелая форма 65,4%, пневмония 36%) без факторов риска, получавшие умифеновир (УМФ, n=86) или интраназальную форму рекомбинантного альфа-2b интерферона (ИФН, n=44), выписанные из больницы с выздоровлением и контрольным тестом ПЦР-ОТ на SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p><bold>Результаты: </bold>При легкой форме COVID-19 продолжительность слабости у получавших УМФ была короче, чем в группе ИФН (1,83±0,79 против 2,73±1,35 дней, р=0,030; разница 0,9 дня [95% ДИ: 0,2–1,6]), а при среднетяжелой форме – ринита (4,8±1,67 против 7,5±1,64 дней соответственно, р=0,009; разница 2,7 дня [1,5–3,7]). Отсутствие динамики объема поражения легких на компьютерных томограммах встречалось редко: в группе УМФ – 1,2% [95% ДИ: 0,0–3,5] и ИФН – 4,5% [0,12–8,89] соответственно, р&gt;0,05. УМФ снижал риски повторного выделения РНК SARS-CoV-2 в момент клинического выздоровления (6–9-й день болезни) на 19,0% [95% ДИ: 3,6–34,5]; ОР 0,402 [0,199–0,810]; ОШ 0,310 [95% ДИ: 0,299–0,779] (12,8% против 31,8% соответственно, р=0,010). Нежелательные явления при использовании УМФ и ИФН отсутствовали.</p> <p><bold>Заключение:</bold> Использование УМФ для лечения нетяжелой COVID-19 у детей имеет некоторые клинические преимущества в сравнении с интраназальной формой ИФН. УМФ снижал риски отсутствия вирусологической санации в момент клинического выздоровления. Целесообразно проведение дополнительных педиатрических проспективных исследований для определения терапевтического и противовирусного потенциала при COVID-19, вызванной новыми вариантами SARS-CoV-2.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SARS-Cov-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>umifenovir</kwd><kwd>recombinant interferon-alpha 2b</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>пневмония</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>умифеновир</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный интерферон-альфа 2b</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Li G., Hilgenfeld R., Whitley R., De Clercq E. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(6):449–475. doi: 10.1038/s41573-023-00672-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kröker A., Tirzīte M. Repurposed pharmacological agents for the potential treatment of COVID-19: a literature review. Respir Res. 2021;22(1):304. doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01885-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Brady D.K., Gurijala A.R., Huang L., et al. A guide to COVID-19 antiviral therapeutics: a summary and perspective of the antiviral weapons against SARS-CoV-2 infection. FEBS J. 2024;291(8):1632–1662. doi: 10.1111/febs.16662.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Gudima G., Kofiadi I., Shilovskiy I., et al. Antiviral Therapy of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(10):8867. doi: 10.3390/ijms24108867.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Cho J., Shin Y., Yang J.S., et al. Evaluation of antiviral drugs against newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Antiviral Res. 2023;214:105609. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105609.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lv B., Gao X., Zeng G., et al. Safety Profile of Paxlovid in the Treatment of COVID-19. Curr Pharm Des. 2024;30(9):666–675. doi: 10.2174/0113816128280987240214103432.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Saravolatz L.D., Depcinski S., Sharma M. Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir: Oral Coronavirus Disease 2019 Antiviral Drugs. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(1):165–171. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Chavda V., Dodiya P., Apostolopoulos V. Adverse drug reactions associated with COVID-19 management. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2024;397(10):7353–7376. doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03137-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Pannu V., Udongwo N., Imburgio S., et al. Adverse Events of SARS-CoV-2 Therapy: A Pharmacovigilance Study of the FAERS Database. Ann Pharmacother. 2024;58(2):105–109. doi: 10.1177/10600280231169256.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Meyerowitz E.A., Li Y. Review: The Landscape of Antiviral Therapy for COVID-19 in the Era of Widespread Population Immunity and Omicron-Lineage Viruses. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;78(4):908–917. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad685.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Arabi M., Al-Najjar Y., Mhaimeed N., et al. Severity of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant compared with the previous lineages: A systematic review. J Cell Mol Med. 2023;27(11):1443–1464. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.17747.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Puhach O., Meyer B., Eckerle I. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):147–161. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00822-w.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ленева И.А., Пшеничная Н.Ю., Булгакова В.А. Умифеновир и коронавирусные инфекции: обзор результатов исследований и опыта применения в клинической практике. Терапевтический архив. 2020;92(11):91–97. [Leneva I.A., Pshenichnaya N.Y., Bulgakova V.A. Umifenovir and coronavirus infections: a review of research results and clinical practice. Therapeutic Archive. 2020;92(11):91–97. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.00071.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Shuster A., Pechalrieu D., Jackson C.B., et al. Clinical Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Infection by SARS-CoV-2 and Variants through Direct Binding to the Spike Protein. ACS Chem. Biol. 2021;16:2845–2851. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00756.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Leneva I., Kartashova N., Poromov A., et al. Antiviral Activity of Umifenovir In Vitro against a Broad Spectrum of Coronaviruses, Including the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Viruses. 2021;13(8):1665. doi: 10.3390/v13081665.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Walter M.R. The Role of Structure in the Biology of Interferon Signaling. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:606489. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606489.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Пшеничная Н.Ю., Булгакова В.А., Львов Н.И. и др. Клиническая эффективность умифеновира при гриппе и ОРВИ (исследование АРБИТР). Терапевтический архив. 2019;91(3):56–63. [Pshenichnaya N.Y., Bulgakova V.A., Lvov N.I., et al. Clinical efficacy of umifenovir in influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARBITR study). Therapeutic Archive. 2019; 91(3):56–63. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.03.000127. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Шамшева О.В., Молочкова О.В. Спектр применения отечественного противовирусного препарата в педиатрии. Детские инфекции. 2015;4:26–30. [Shamsheva O.V., Molochkova O.V. The Range of Application of Domestic Antiviral Drug in Рediatrics. Children infections. 2015;14(4):26–30. doi:10.22627/2072-8107-2015-14-4-26-30. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Yu M., Wang D.C., Li S., et al. Meta-analysis of arbidol versus lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 202;94(4):1513–1522. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27481.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Акимкин В.Г., Баранов И.И., Беженарь В.Ф. и др. Интерфероны: роль в патогенезе, место в терапии и профилактике заболеваний вирусной и бактериальной этиологии. М., 2024. 304 c. [Akimkin V.G., Baranov I.I., Refugee V.F., et al. Interferons: role in pathogenesis, place in therapy and prevention of diseases of viral and bacterial etiology. M., 2024. 304 p. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Reis S., Metzendorf M.I., Kuehn R., et al. Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;11(11):CD015395. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015395.pub3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Huang D., Yu H., Wang T., et al. Efficacy and safety of umifenovir for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;93:481–490. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26256.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Amani B., Amani B., Zareei S., Zareei M. Efficacy and safety of arbidol (umifenovir) in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021;9:1197–1208. doi: 10.1002/iid3.502.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>He X.L., Zhou Y.Y., Fu W., et al. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding in Patients with COVID-19 was Associated with Delayed Initiation of Arbidol Treatment and Consulting Doctor Later: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Curr Med Sci. 2021;41(6):1096–1104. doi: 10.1007/s11596-021-2434-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Nojomi M., Yassin Z., Keyvani H., et al. Effect of Arbidol (Umifenovir) on COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):954. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05698-w.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Wei S., Xu S., Pan Y.H. Efficacy of arbidol in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(25):7350–7357. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7350/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ramachandran R., Bhosale V., Reddy H., et al. Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo controlled trial of Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Antiviral drug Umifenovir vs Standard care of therapy in non-severe COVID-19 patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;115:62–69. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lohse Z.M, Shapiro J.J., Lednicky J.A., et al. Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant in Children and Utility of Rapid Antigen Testing as an Indicator of Culturable Virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(3):e491–e494. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac693.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Zuo W., He D., Liang C., et al. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues and its association with long COVID symptoms: a cross-sectional cohort study in China. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(8):845–855. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00171-3.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
