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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmateca</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmateca</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фарматека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-4034</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9128</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717272</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/pharmateca.2026.4.82-92</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Rheumatology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Ревматология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Selection of hyaluronic acid for intra-articular administration in severe pain</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выбор гиалуроновой кислоты для внутрисуставного введения при выраженном болевом синдроме</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-6322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mubarakshina</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мубаракшина</surname><given-names>Ольга Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры клинической фармакологии</p></bio><email>mubarakshina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-091X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dronova</surname><given-names>Yulia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дронова</surname><given-names>Юлия Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры клинической фармакологии</p></bio><email>y.dronova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3917-0395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdanova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданова</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры клинической фармакологии</p></bio><email>olga.vr9@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4771-7466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Batishcheva</surname><given-names>Galina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батищева</surname><given-names>Галина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой клинической фармакологии</p></bio><email>bat13@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2522-7586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Peshekhonov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пешехонов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Rheumatologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., врач-ревматолог</p></bio><email>dmmad@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">XXI Century Clinic, Voronezh</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника «XXI век», Воронеж</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/717272">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/717272</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines current understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and the mechanisms underlying pain syndrome development under conditions of mechanical joint overload, inflammation, and progression of degenerative changes. The mechanisms of action of hyaluronic acid, which provide mechanical joint relief and have anti-inflammatory, chondroprotective, and analgesic effects, are analyzed. Clinical trial data and international guidelines confirming the efficacy and safety of intra-articular hyaluronic acid administration for osteoarthritis in various locations are presented. The importance of the physicochemical characteristics of hyaluronic acid, which determine its rheological properties, duration of action, and clinical efficacy, is examined.</p> <p>A comparative analysis of the high-molecular intra-articular implants Flexotron<sup>®</sup> Plus and Flexotron<sup>®</sup> Magnum is conducted. It is shown that the products differ in sodium hyaluronate concentrations, which may determine the specifics of their clinical use. Flexotron<sup>®</sup> Plus may be a rational choice for patients with severe pain and functional impairment, while Flexotron<sup>®</sup> Magnum may be of greater interest for patients with pain associated with chondromalacia and articular cartilage damage, requiring more significant mechanical joint support.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассмотрены современные представления о патогенезе остеоартрита и механизмах формирования болевого синдрома в условиях механической перегрузки сустава, воспаления и прогрессирования дегенеративных изменений. Проанализированы механизмы действия гиалуроновой кислоты (ГК), обеспечивающие механическую разгрузку сустава, противовоспалительный, хондропротекторный и анальгетический эффекты. Приведены данные клинических исследований и международных рекомендаций, подтверждающих эффективность и безопасность внутрисуставного введения ГК при остеоартрите различных локализаций. Рассмотрено значение физико-химических характеристик ГК, определяющих реологические свойства, продолжительность действия и клиническую эффективность.</p> <p>Проведена сравнительная характеристика высокомолекулярных внутрисуставных имплантатов Флексотрон<sup>®</sup> Плюс и Флексотрон<sup>®</sup> Магнум. Показано, что препараты различаются концентрацией гиалуроната натрия, что может определять особенности их клинического применения. Флексотрон<sup>®</sup> Плюс может быть рациональным выбором у пациентов с выраженным болевым синдромом и функциональными нарушениями, тогда как Флексотрон<sup>®</sup> Магнум может представлять больший интерес при сочетании боли с хондромаляцией и повреждением суставного хряща, требующими более выраженной механической поддержки сустава.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoarthritis, gonarthrosis</kwd><kwd>hyaluronic acid</kwd><kwd>viscosupplementation</kwd><kwd>intra-articular injections</kwd><kwd>molecular weight</kwd><kwd>chondromalacia</kwd><kwd>cartilage matrix</kwd><kwd>Flexotron® Plus</kwd><kwd>Flexotron® Magnum</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеоартрит</kwd><kwd>гонартроз</kwd><kwd>гиалуроновая кислота</kwd><kwd>вискосупплементация</kwd><kwd>внутрисуставные инъекции</kwd><kwd>молекулярная масса</kwd><kwd>хондромаляция</kwd><kwd>хрящевой матрикс</kwd><kwd>Флексотрон® Плюс</kwd><kwd>Флексотрон® Магнум</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>GBD 2021 Osteoarthritis Collaborators. 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