<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmateca</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmateca</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фарматека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-4034</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9128</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717274</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/pharmateca.2026.4.103-116</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Dermatology/allergology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Дерматология/аллергология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Current concepts of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the possibilities of prevention and correction in the context of anti-aging medicine</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о патогенезе саркопении и возможности профилактики и коррекции в контексте anti-age медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5885-4872</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5772-7930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svechnikova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свечникова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Professor, Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Medical Institute of Continuous Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., зав. отделением дерматовенерологии и косметологии, профессор кафедры кожных и венерических болезней, Медицинский институт непрерывного образования</p></bio><email>maria_morzhanaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-9559</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5506-3811</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morzhanaeva</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моржанаева</surname><given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand.Sci. (Med.), Cosmetologist, Dermatologist, Medical Director of the Aesthetic Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач-косметолог, дерматолог, медицинский директор эстетического направления</p></bio><email>maria_morzhanaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-0854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arutyunyan</surname><given-names>Grigory B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арутюнян</surname><given-names>Григорий Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer, Skripkin Department of Dermatovenereology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры дерматовенерологии имени академика Ю.К. Скрипкина ИКМ</p></bio><email>arutyunyan.g82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemyeva</surname><given-names>Natalya O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артемьева</surname><given-names>Наталья Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Nutritionist, Geneticist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач-диетолог, генетик</p></bio><email>natalya.artemeva.89@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-2673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Devyatova</surname><given-names>Alena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Девятова</surname><given-names>Алена Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dermatovenerologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-дерматовенеролог</p></bio><email>alyona9va@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-4691</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6232-3620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lemytskaya</surname><given-names>Valentina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лемытская</surname><given-names>Валентина Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Neurologist, Dermatovenerologist, Cosmetologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-невролог, дерматовенеролог, косметолог, руководитель клинического отдела</p></bio><email>maria_morzhanaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-5038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladko</surname><given-names>Viktor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладько</surname><given-names>Виктор Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director, Head of the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases with a Course in Cosmetology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, директор, зав. кафедрой кожных и венерических болезней с курсом косметологии</p></bio><email>dr.gladko@mgupp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Biotechnological University (ROSBIOTECH)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский биотехнологический университет (РОСБИОТЕХ)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Polyclinic No. 1 of the Presidential Executive Office, Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Поликлиника №1 Управления делами Президента РФ, Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">BTL LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «БТЛ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Expert Multidisciplinary Clinic OMNIUS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Экспертная многопрофильная клиника ОМНИУС</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Institute of Continuous Education, Russian Biotechnological University (ROSBIOTECH)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский институт непрерывного образования, Российский биотехнологический университет (РОСБИОТЕХ)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="accepted"><event-desc>Accepted:<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-08-13"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/about/editorialPolicies</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/717274">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2073-4034/article/view/717274</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sarcopenia is based on a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology. Key mechanisms include skeletal muscle anabolic resistance (a reduced ability of muscle tissue to respond with protein synthesis to amino acid intake and physical activity), chronic subclinical inflammation (inflammaging), dysregulation of the IGF-1, PI3K, Akt, and mTORC1 signaling axis, insulin resistance, increased proteolysis via the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction with impaired mitophagy, and degeneration of the neuromuscular junction. The contribution of these processes leads to a deterioration in the quality and quantity of muscle fibers with aging. Risk factors for sarcopenia are divided into primary (age-related changes) and secondary (comorbidities, sedentary lifestyle, protein and micronutrient deficiencies). Current research confirms that the best clinical outcomes are achieved with a combination of progressive strength training, adequate protein intake (rich in essential amino acids), and correction of nutrient deficiencies, combined with targeted interventions for sarcopenia-associated metabolic pathways.</p> <p>HIFEM and HIFES hardware technologies deserve special attention in the prevention and correction of sarcopenia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В основе саркопении лежит сложная многофакторная патофизиология. Ключевыми механизмами являются анаболическая резистентность скелетных мышц (снижение способности мышечной ткани отвечать синтезом белка на поступление аминокислот и физическую нагрузку), хроническое субклиническое воспаление inflammaging, дисрегуляция сигнальной оси IGF-1, PI3K, Akt, mTORC1, инсулинорезистентность, усиленный протеолиз через убиквитин‐протеасому и аутофагию, митохондриальная дисфункция с нарушением митофагии, а также дегенерация нервно-мышечных соединений. Вклад этих процессов приводит к ухудшению качества и сокращению количества мышечных волокон по мере старения.</p> <p>Факторы риска саркопении делят на первичные (возрастные изменения) и вторичные (сопутствующие заболевания, малоподвижный образ жизни, дефицит белка и микронутриентов. Современные исследования подтверждают, что наилучшие клинические исходы достигаются при комбинации: прогрессирующие силовые нагрузки, адекватное потребление белка (богатого незаменимыми аминокислотами) и коррекция дефицитов нутриентов в сочетании с таргетным воздействие на метаболические пути саркопении.</p> <p>Особого внимания в профилактике и коррекции саркопении заслуживают аппаратные технологии HIFEM и HIFES.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sarcopenia</kwd><kwd>HIFEM</kwd><kwd>HIFES</kwd><kwd>RF</kwd><kwd>nutritional correction</kwd><kwd>mitochondrial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>vitamin D</kwd><kwd>HMB</kwd><kwd>leucine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркопения</kwd><kwd>HIFEM</kwd><kwd>HIFES</kwd><kwd>RF</kwd><kwd>нутритивная коррекция</kwd><kwd>митохондриальная дисфункция</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>витамин D</kwd><kwd>HMB</kwd><kwd>лейцин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Araújo L.P., Figueiredo Godoy A.C., Fortes Frota F., et al. Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(24):12147. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412147</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Jin H., Lian N., Zhang F., et al. Pyroptosis and Sarcopenia: Frontier Perspective of Disease Mechanism. Cells. 2022 Mar 24;11(7):1078. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071078</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Szczesny B., Olah G., Walker D.K., et al. Deficiency in repair of the mitochondrial genome sensitizes proliferating myoblasts to oxidative damage. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 16;8(9):e75201. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075201</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Arcaro A., Lepore A., Cetrangolo G.P., et al. A Reassessment of Sarcopenia from a Redox Perspective as a Basis for Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 12;26(16):7787. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167787</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Powers S.K., Duarte J., Kavazis A.N., Talbert E.E. Reactive oxygen species are signalling molecules for skeletal muscle adaptation. Exp Physiol. 2010 Jan;95(1):1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050526</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Hamilton M.L., Van Remmen H., Drake J.A., et al. Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Aug 28;98(18):10469-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.171202698</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lanza I.R., Sreekumaran Nair K. Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function: genes to proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010 Aug;199(4):529-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02124.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Lei Y., Gan M., Qiu Y., et al. The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in skeletal muscle atrophy: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2024 Apr 23;29(1):59. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11658-024-00572-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ceyhan A.B., Altay O., Zhang C., et al. Unravelling the Complexity of Sarcopenia Through a Systems Biology Approach. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Sep 2;26(17):8527. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Vasilaki A., Mansouri A., Van Remmen H., et al. Free radical generation by skeletal muscle of adult and old mice: effect of contractile activity. Aging Cell. 2006 Apr;5(2):109-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00198.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Leduc-Gaudet J.P., Hussain S.N.A., Barreiro E., Gouspillou G. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy in Skeletal Muscle Health and Aging. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 30;22(15):8179. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158179</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Yang J., Liang J., Hu N., et al. Gut microbiota influences neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: identifying key factors and mechanisms.CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2024;30:e70091. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.70091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kesika P., Suganthi N., Sivamaruti B.S., Chaiyasut S. Role of the gut-brain axis, gut microbiota composition and probiotics in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.Life Sci. 2021;264:118627. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118627</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Pellegrini C., Antonioli L., Calderone V., et al. Microbiota-gut-brain communication in health and disease: is the NLRP3 inflammasome a link between the microbiota, gut and brain?Prog. Neurobiol. 2020;191:101806. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101806</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ticinesi A., Nouvenne A., Cerundolo N., et al. Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia. Nutrients. 2019;11:1633. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071633</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Mohebali N., Weigel M., Hain T., et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides faecis and Roseburia intestinalis attenuate clinical symptoms of experimental colitis by regulating Treg/Th17 cell balance and intestinal barrier integrity. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2023;167:115568. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115568</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Liu T., Zhang L., Joo D., Sun S.-C. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2017;2:17023. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y., Wang J., Wang X., et al. The autophagic-lysosomal and ubiquitin proteasome systems are simultaneously activated in the skeletal muscle of gastric cancer patients with cachexia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020;111:570–579. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz347</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ballesteros J., Rivas D., Duque G. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients. 2023;15:3132. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15143132</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ghosh T.S., Rampelli S., Jeffery I.B., et al. Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: The NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries. Gut. 2020;69:1218–1228. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319654</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ben-Zaken S., Meckel Y., Nemet D., Eliakim A. Can IGF-I polymorphism affect power and endurance athletic performance? Growth Horm IGF Res. 2013 Oct;23(5):175-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2013.06.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Аксенов М.О. Метаанализ ассоциации полиморфизма гена MSTN rs1805086 с силовыми показателями спортсменов // Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture. 2021. Т. 13, № 2. C. 303-335. HTTPS://DX.DOI.ORG/10.12731/2658-6649-2021-13-2-303-335</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Windelinckx A., De Mars G., Beunen G., et al. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene are associated with muscle strength in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Sep;18(9):1235-42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0374-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Yamin C., Duarte J.A., Oliveira J.M., et al. IL6 (-174) and TNFA (-308) promoter polymorphisms are associated with systemic creatine kinase response to eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(3):579-586. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0801-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Stefan N., Thamer C., Staiger H., et al. Genetic variations in PPARD and PPARGC1A determine mitochondrial function and change in aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity during lifestyle intervention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1827-1833. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1785</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Akimoto A.K., Miranda-Vilela A.L., Alves P.C., et al. Evaluation of gene polymorphisms in exercise-induced oxidative stress and damage. Free Radic Res. 2010;44(3):322-331. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715760903494176</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmetov I.I., Kulemin N.A., Popov D.V., et al. SOD2 gene polymorphism and muscle damage markers in elite athletes. Free Radic Res. 2014 Aug;48(8):948-955. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2014.928410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Papadimitriou I.D., Lucia A., Pitsiladis Y.P., et al. ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study. BMC Genomics. 2016;17:285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Whaikid P., Piaseu N. The effectiveness of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise programs among community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Res. 2023;37(1):13-25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JHR-08-2021-0577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Mitchell W.K., Wilkinson D.J., Phillips B.E., et al. Human Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism Responses to Amino Acid Nutrition. Adv Nutr. 2016 Jul 15;7(4):828S-838S. https://dx.doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011650</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Dodd K.M., Tee A.R. Leucine and mTORC1: a complex relationship. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun 1;302(11):E1329-E1342. https://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00525.2011. PMID: 22354780.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Bauer J., Biolo G., Cederholm T., et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Aug;14(8):542-559. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Cruz-Jentoft A.J., Bahat G., Bauer J., et al.; Writing Group for the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):16-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Dent E., Morley J.E., Cruz-Jentoft A.J., et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1148-1161. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1139-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Tan L.F., Koh F.H., Lim W.S., et al. Sarcopenia: Current evidence, advances in assessment, clinical implementation and future research directions. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2026;55(1):1-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Symons T.B., Sheffield-Moore M., Wolfe R.R., Paddon-Jones D. A moderate serving of high-quality protein maximally stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly subjects. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Sep;109(9):1582-1586. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.369</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Rathmacher J.A., Pitchford L.M., Stout J.R., et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2025;22(1):1-26.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Bollen S.E., Atherton P.J. The Vitamin D/Vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis in muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. Cell Signal. 2022 Aug;96:110355. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110355</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Cereda E., Pisati R., Rondanelli M., Caccialanza R. Whey Protein, Leucine- and Vitamin-D-Enriched Oral Nutritional Supplementation for the Treatment of Sarcopenia. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 6;14(7):1524. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071524</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Cornish S.M., Cordingley D.M., Shaw K.A., et al. Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022 May 11;14(10):2221. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14102221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Sharifian M., Nabavi S.F., Barber-Chamoux N., et al. Impact of creatine supplementation and exercise training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2025;22(1):8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11556-025-00384-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Hood D.A., Memme J.M., Oliveira A.N., Triolo M. Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Health, Exercise, and Aging. Annu Rev Physiol. 2019 Feb 10;81:19-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Andreux P.A., Blanco-Bose W., Ryu D., et al. The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans. Nat Metab. 2019 Jun;1(6):595-603. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42255-019-0073-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar P., Liu C., Hsu J.W., et al. Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, genotoxicity, muscle strength, and cognition: Results of a pilot clinical trial. Clin Transl Med. 2021 Mar;11(3):e372. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.372</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Migliavacca E., Tay S.K.H., Patel H.P., et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD+ biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10:5808. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13694-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Vecchio M., Chiaramonte R., Testa G., Pavone V. Clinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, in Aging Population, and in Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021 Nov 4;6(4):93. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6040093</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma S., Brugnoli M.P., Tang Y., Sidossis L. Vitamin B12 status and skeletal muscle function among elderly: a literature review and a pilot study. Aging Med (Milton). 2024 Aug 17;7(4):480-489. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agm2.12346</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>van Dronkelaar C., ter Riet G., van Dijk S.C., et al. Minerals and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2023 Aug;24(8):1163-1172. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Veronese N., Berton L., Carraro S., et al. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly exercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(3):974-981. https://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.080168</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) Premarket Notification K160992: HPM-6000. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Kinney B.M., Lozanova P. High intensity focused electromagnetic therapy evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: safety and efficacy study of a dual tissue effect based non-invasive abdominal body shaping. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Jan;51(1):40-46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Duncan D., Dinev I. Noninvasive Induction of Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia: Effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Field Evaluated in an In Vivo Porcine Model: A Pilot Study. Aesthet Surg J. 2020;40(5):568-574. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz244</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Halaas Y., Duncan D, Bernardy J., et al. Activation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by a Device Simultaneously Applying High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Technology and Novel Radiofrequency Technology: Fluorescent Microscopy Facilitated Detection of NCAM/CD56. Aesthet Surg J. 2021;41(7):NP939-NP947. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Kinney B.M., Bernardy J., Jarošová R. Novel Technology for Facial Muscle Stimulation Combined With Synchronized Radiofrequency Induces Structural Changes in Muscle Tissue: Porcine Histology Study. Aesthet Surg J. 2023;43(8):920-927. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjad053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Senf S.M. Skeletal muscle heat shock protein 70: diverse functions and therapeutic potential for wasting disorders. Front Physiol. 2013;4:330. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00330</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
