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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Clinical nephrology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical nephrology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая нефрология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-3594</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9322</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679283</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/nephrology.2025.1.67-75</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Thrombotic microangiopathies: differential diagnostics and choice of treatment strategy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тромботические микроангиопатии: дифференциальная диагностика и выбор стратегии лечения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1945-9286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vershinina</surname><given-names>Anna Ch.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вершинна</surname><given-names>Анна Чеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nephrologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-нефролог</p></bio><email>nephrologyst.by@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3820-6563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vershinin</surname><given-names>Pavel Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вершинин</surname><given-names>Павел Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Transplant Nephrology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий отделением трансплантационной нефрологии </p></bio><email>pavelvershinin1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Minsk Scientific and Practical Center of Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГУ «Минский НПЦ хирургии, трансплантологии и гематологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2075-3594/article/view/679283">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2075-3594/article/view/679283</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical and morphological picture, but different pathogenetic mechanisms of development and targeted approaches to treatment. TMA syndrome is characterized by a special type of vascular damage of the microcirculatory bed, which is based on endothelial damage with subsequent thrombus formation, and is manifested by the so-called thrombotic microangiopathic triad, which includes thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and ischemic organ damage. Primary and secondary forms of TMA are distinguished. Primary TMAs include: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), infection-induced TMA (STEC-HUS, SPA-HUS, virus-associated HUS), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Secondary TMAs can be associated with pregnancy, transplantation, medication, malignant arterial hypertension, oncopathology, autoimmune diseases, infections, cobalamin deficiency and account for 80-90% of all TMAs. Primary forms of TMAs are orphan diseases with a prevalence of up to 10 people per 1 million population, are characterized by a severe course and have features of pathogenetic therapy.</p> <p>Verification of TMA syndrome based on the detection of thrombotic microangiopathic triad is the first stage of diagnosis of diseases of this group, and its confirmation serves as the basis for the initiation of therapy in the form of high-volume plasma exchanges (PE). The second stage of diagnostics involves verification of the etiologic diagnosis and transition to the final treatment protocol. The central place in the differential diagnostics of TMAs is the determination of the activity of metalloproteinase ADAMTS-13 in the blood plasma to exclude TTP, an urgent condition requiring the appointment of a specific treatment protocol, including PT, recombinant ADAMTS-13, immunosuppression, inhibitors of the interaction of von Willebrand factor with platelets. When TTP is excluded, further diagnostic search is based on clinical suspicion with subsequent performance of appropriate laboratory tests to verify STEC-HUS, secondary TMAs.</p> <p>Atypical HUS, as a diagnosis of exclusion, refers to a severe form of TMA, which also requires a special therapeutic approach in the form of complement blocking therapy, which significantly improves survival and renal outcomes. In this case, atypical HUS should be suspected in all patients with TMA syndrome in the absence of an effect on the etiotropic, symptomatic treatment of any TMA-associated conditions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Тромботические микроангиопатии представляют собой гетерогенную группу заболеваний со сходной клинико-морфологической картиной, но различными патогенетическими механизмами развития и целевыми подходами к лечению. Синдром тромботической микроангиопатии (ТМА) характеризуется особым типом поражения сосудов микроциркуляторного русла, в основе которого лежит повреждение эндотелия с последующим тромбообразованием, и проявляется т.н. тромботической микроангиопатической триадой, которая включает тромбоцитопению, микроангиопатическую гемолитическую анемию и ишемическое поражение органов. Выделяют первичные и вторичные формы ТМА. К первичным относят: тромботическую тромбоцитопеническую пурпуру (ТТП), индуцированные инфекцией ТМА (STEC-ГУС, SPA-ГУС, вирус-ассоциированный ГУС), атипичный гемолитико-уремический синдром (ГУС). Вторичные ТМА могут быть ассоциированы с беременностью, трансплантацией, приемом лекаственных препаратов, злокачественной артериальной гипертензией, онкопатологией, аутоиммунными заболеваниями, инфекциями, дефицитом кобаламина и составляют 80–90% всех ТМА. Первичные формы ТМА относятся к орфанным заболеваниям с распространенностью до 10 человек на 1 млн населения, характеризуются тяжелым течением и имеют особенности патогенетической терапии.</p> <p>Верификация синдрома ТМА на основании выявления тромботической микроангиопатической триады является первым этапом диагностики заболеваний данной группы, и его подтверждение служит основанием для начала стартовой терапии в виде высокообъемных плазмообменов (ПО). Второй этап диагностики подразумевает верификацию этиологического диагноза и переход к окончательному протоколу лечения. Центральное место в дифференциальной диагностике ТМА занимает опредение активности металлопротеиназы ADAMTS-13 в плазме крови для исключения ТТП, ургентного состояния, требующего назначения специфического протокола лечения, включающего ПО, рекомбинантный ADAMTS-13, иммуносупрессию, ингибиторы взаимодействия фактора фон Виллебранда с тромбоцитами. При исключении ТТП дальнейший диагностический поиск основывается на клиническом подозрении с последующим выполнением соответствующих лабораторных исследований с целью верификации STEC-ГУС, вторичных ТМА.</p> <p>Атипичный ГУС, как диагноз исключения, относится к тяжелой форме ТМА, которая также требует особого терапевтического подхода в виде назначения комплемент-блокирующей терапии, что значительно улучшает выживаемость и почечные исходы. При этом атипичный ГУС должен быть заподозрен у всех пациентов с синдромом ТМА при отсутствии эффекта на этиотропное, симптоматическое лечение любых ТМА-ассоциированных состояний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>thrombotic microangiopathy</kwd><kwd>complement system</kwd><kwd>thrombocytopenic purpura</kwd><kwd>hemolytic uremic syndrome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тромботическая микроангиопатия</kwd><kwd>система комплемента</kwd><kwd>тромбоцитопеническая пурпура</kwd><kwd>гемолитико-уремический синдром</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>McFarlane P.A., Bitzan M., Broome C. et al. Making the Correct Diagnosis in Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Narrative Review. Can. J. Kidney Health Dis. 2021;8:20543581211008707. Doi: 10.1177/20543581211008707.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Donadelli R., Sinha A., Bagga A. et al. 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