<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Clinical nephrology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical nephrology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая нефрология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-3594</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9322</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699486</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/nephrology.2025.4.15-19</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of serum cystatin c in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury and evaluation of the nephroproprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine in severe concomitant trauma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль сывороточного цистатина с в ранней диагностике острого повреждения почек, и оценка нефропротективного действия N-ацетилцистеина при тяжелой сочетанной травме</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Miziev</surname><given-names>Ismail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мизиев</surname><given-names>Исмаил Алимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director of the Medical Academy, Head of the Department of Faculty and Endoscopic Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, директор Медицинской академии, заведующий кафедрой факультетской и эндоскопической хирургии</p></bio><email>kfeh@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhov</surname><given-names>Murat Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махов</surname><given-names>Мурат Хасанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand.Sci. (Med.), Urologist, Associate Professor at the Department of Faculty and Endoscopic Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач-уролог, доцент кафедры факультетской и эндоскопической хирургии</p></bio><email>mahov_murat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhova</surname><given-names>Alina B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махова</surname><given-names>Алина Беслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nephrologist, Nephrology Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-нефролог нефрологического отделения</p></bio><email>mahov_murat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after Kh.M. Berbekov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет им. Х.М. Бербекова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Children's Clinical Multidisciplinary Center of the Ministry of Health of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский детский клинический многопрофильный центр Минздрава Кабардино-Балкарской республики</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2075-3594/article/view/699486">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2075-3594/article/view/699486</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an independent predictor of poor outcomes in critically ill patients with multiple injuries, associated with a significant increase in mortality. The inertia of traditional markers of kidney function, particularly serum creatinine (sCr), determines delayed diagnosis and missed opportunities for preventive therapy.</p> <p><bold>Objective.</bold> Evaluation of the predictive value of serum cystatin C (sCyC) as an early biomarker for the development of AKI in patients with severe combined trauma (SCT) and to study the renoprotective potential of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in this cohort of patients.</p> <p><bold>Material and methods. </bold>A total of 85 patients with SCT (Injury Severity Index (ISS)&gt;16) were included in this randomized study. Patients were randomized to the intervention group (n=43), which received standard therapy plus NAC according to the protocol (loading dose of 150 mg/kg IV, then 50 mg/kg/day by continuous infusion for 72 hours), or the control group (n=42), which received standard therapy. sCyC levels, sCr, estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPIcr, CKD-EPIcys), markers of tissue damage (creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin), and inflammation (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin) were determined at admission (T0), 24 (T1), 48 (T2), and 72 (T3) hours. The primary endpoint was the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) according to KDIGO criteria within 7 days.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>AKI developed in 28 (32,9%) patients. An increase in sCyC &gt;1,5 mg/L at T1 demonstrated high predictive value for subsequent manifestation of AKI (sensitivity 92,9%, specificity 89,5%, AUC 0,94; 95% CI 0,88–0.99), while sCr at T1 was non-predictive (AUC 0,62; 95% CI 0,51–0,73). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the sCyC level at T1 (OR=4,8, 95% CI 2,1–10,9; p&lt;0,001) and the presence of shock on admission (OR=3,2, 95% CI 1,4–7,3; p=0,006) are independent predictors of AKI. The NAC group demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of stage 2–3 AKI (9,3% vs 28,6%; p=0,024), the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) (2,3% vs 14,3%; p=0,045), as well as lower median sCyC values (1,9 mg/L vs 2,8 mg/L; p=0,018) and ICU length of stay (12 days vs 16 days; p=0,038).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>sCyC is a highly accurate and early predictor of AKI in patients with SCT, preceding creatinine dynamics by 24–48 hours. Early preventive administration of N-acetylcysteine is associated with a statistically significant reduction in the incidence and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI), the need for RRT, and demonstrates a pronounced nephroprotective effect, justifying its inclusion in complex treatment regimens for polytrauma.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Острое повреждение почек (ОПП) выступает независимым предиктором неблагоприятного исхода у критических пациентов с политравмой, ассоциируясь с многократным увеличением летальности. Инертность традиционных маркеров функции почек, в частности сывороточного креатинина (СКр), детерминирует запоздалую диагностику и упущенные возможности для превентивной терапии.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>оценка предиктивной ценности сывороточного цистатина С (сCyC) в качестве раннего биомаркера развития ОПП у пациентов с тяжелой сочетанной травмой (СТ) и изучение ренопротективного потенциала N-ацетилцистеина (N-АЦ) у пациентов в данной когорте.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>В рандомизированное исследование были включены 85 пациентов с СТ (индекс тяжести повреждения ISS&gt;16). Пациенты рандомизированы в группу вмешательства (n=43), получавшую стандартную терапию+N-АЦ по протоколу (ударная доза – 150 мг/кг в/в, затем – 50 мг/кг/сут непрерывной инфузией в течение 72 часов), и группу контроля (n=42) на стандартной терапии. Уровень сCyC, СКр, расчет скорости клубочковой фильтрации (CKD-EPIcr, CKD-EPIcys), маркеры тканевого повреждения (креатинфосфокиназа, лактатдегидрогеназа, миоглобин) и воспаления (С-реактивный белок, прокальцитонин) определялись на моментах поступления (Т0), 24 (Т1), 48 (Т2) и 72 (Т3) часа. Первичной конечной точкой было развитие ОПП по критериям KDIGO в течение 7 суток.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>ОПП развилось у 28 (32,9%) пациентов. Повышение сCyC&gt;1,5 мг/л в точке Т1 демонстрировало высокую прогностическую ценность для последующей манифестации ОПП (чувствительность 92,9%, специфичность 89,5%, AUC 0,94; 95% ДИ 0,88–0,99), в то время как СКр в Т1 был непредиктивен (AUC 0,62; 95% ДИ 0,51–0,73). Многофакторный регрессионный анализ выявил, что уровень сCyC в Т1 (ОШ=4,8, 95% ДИ 2,1–10,9; p&lt;0,001) и наличие шока при поступлении (ОШ=3,2, 95% ДИ 1,4–7,3; p=0,006) являются независимыми предикторами ОПП. В группе N-АЦ зарегистрировано достоверное снижение частоты развития ОПП 2–3-й стадий (9,3% против 28,6%; p=0,024), потребности в заместительной почечной терапии (ЗПТ) (2,3% против 14,3%; p=0,045), а также более низких медианных значений сCyC (1,9 мг/л против 2,8 мг/л; p=0,018) и продолжительности пребывания в ОРИТ (12 сут. против 16 сут.; p=0,038).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>сCyC является высокоточным и ранним предиктором ОПП у пациентов с СТ, опережая динамику креатинина на 24–48 часов. Раннее превентивное назначение N-ацетилцистеина ассоциировано со статистически значимым снижением частоты и тяжести ОПП, потребности в ЗПТ и демонстрирует выраженный нефропротективный эффект, что обосновывает его включение в схемы комплексной терапии политравмы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>concomitant injury</kwd><kwd>polytrauma</kwd><kwd>cystatin C</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>early diagnosis</kwd><kwd>N-acetylcysteine</kwd><kwd>nephroprotection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острое повреждение почек</kwd><kwd>сочетанная травма</kwd><kwd>политравма</kwd><kwd>цистатин С</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>ранняя диагностика</kwd><kwd>N-ацетилцистеин</kwd><kwd>нефропротекция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pape H.C., Lefering R., Butcher N. et al. The definition of polytrauma revisited: An international consensus process and proposal of the new ‘Berlin definition’. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(5):780–6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kellum J.A., Lameire N., Aspelin P. et al. Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1–141.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Бриллиантов А.В., Голубец В.Г., Михайличенко В.В. Острое повреждение почек при тяжелой сочетанной травме. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 20 17;(3):45–51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Malek M., Hassanshahi J., Fartootzadeh R. et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. J Renal Inj Prev. 2015;4(3):74–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Gunnerson K.J., Shaw A.D., Chawla L.S. et al. TIMP2•IGFBP7 biomarker panel accurately predicts acute kidney injury in high-risk surgical patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(2):243–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Waikar S.S., Bonventre J.V. Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(3):672–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Hoste E.A., Bagshaw S.M., Bellomo R. et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(8):1411–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Murray P.T., Mehta R.L., Shaw A. et al. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference. Kidney Int. 2014;85(3):513–21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ronco C., Bellomo R., Kellum J.A. Acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2019;394(10212):1949–64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Laterza O.F., Price C.P., Scott M.G. Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem. 2002;48(5):699–707.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Inker L.A., Schmid C.H., Tighiouart H., et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):20–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Шилов Е.М., Андросова С.О., Козловская Н.Л. Цистатин С в современной нефрологии: от теории к клинической практике. Клин. нефрология. 2015;(1):41–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Herget-Rosenthal S., Marggraf G., Hüsing J. et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int. 2004;66(3):1115–22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Z., Lu B., Sheng X., Jin N. Cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(3):356–65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Dodd S., Dean O., Copolov D.L. et al. N-acetylcysteine for antioxidant therapy: pharmacology and clinical utility. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8(12):1955–62.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Suter F., Consolo F. N-acetylcysteine in intensive care medicine: an update. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005;71(6):285–92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Fishbane S., Durham J.H., Marzo K., Rudnick M. N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(2):251–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Isaka Y., Suzuki C., Abe T. et al. N-acetylcysteine prevents iodinated contrast media-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013;18(7):488–94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1–141.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Nejat M., Pickering J.W., Walker R.J. et al. Urinary cystatin C is diagnostic of acute kidney injury and sepsis, and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010;14(3): R85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Royakkers A.A., Korevaar J.C., van Suijlen J.D. et al. Serum and urine cystatin C are poor biomarkers for acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(3):493–501.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Nolin T.D., Himmelfarb J. Mechanisms of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010;(196):111–30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Boutaud O., Roberts L.J. 2nd. Mechanism of action of acetaminophen: is there a cyclooxygenase 3? Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(Suppl. 5):S202–10.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
