International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and ControlInternational Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and ControlInternational Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control2210-32792210-3287Bentham Science64557010.2174/0122103279296700240430095450Computer and Information ScienceResearch ArticleNovel Energy-efficient Modified LEACH Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworksDongareMahendrainfo@benthamscience.netJondhaleSatishinfo@benthamscience.netAgarkarBalasahebinfo@benthamscience.netDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunication, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunication, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunication, Sanjivani College of Engineering,, Savitribai Phule Pune University0104202414432934111012025Copyright ©; 2024, Bentham Science Publishers2024Bentham Science Publishershttps://journals.eco-vector.com/2210-3279/article/view/645570

Introduction:In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), hierarchical clustered routing protocols play a crucial role in minimizing energy consumption. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) architecture is commonly employed for application-specific protocols in WSNs. However, the LEACH protocol may lead to increased energy consumption within the network if the rotational distribution of cluster heads (CHs) is not considered.

Methods:A novel average energy, residual energy-based modified LEACH (aerem-LEACH) routing protocol for improving the WSN’s energy efficiency is proposed. This approach simultaneously considers the average energy of the networks and the residual node energy for routing, thereby reducing overall power consumption.

Results:The suggested approach in aerem-LEACH accounts for optimal CHs numbers, and nodes in close proximity to the sink are forbidden from participating in cluster formation in order to achieve sufficient performance in the form of reduced sensor node energy consumption. Furthermore, a new threshold is employed in the proposed approach for selecting CHs for the network, and the aerem-LEACH uses free space, multiple hopping, and a hybrid communicating model for an energy-efficient network.

Conclusion:The simulation result demonstrates that there is a substantial reduction in the consumption of energy in WSNs with the proposed aerem-LEACH routing protocol compared with existing routing protocols, namely Stable Energy Efficient Network (SEEN), Energy Efficient LEACH (EE LEACH), Optical LEACH (O-LEACH), LEACH-Mobile (LEACH-M), LEACHCentralized (LEACH-C), and LEACH for small-scale as well as large-scale sensor field.

Wireless sensor network (WSN)Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)average energy residual energy based modified LEACH (aerem-LEACH)energy efficient routingStable energy efficient network (SEEN)Energy efficient LEACH (EE LEACH)Optical LEACH (O-LEACH)LEACH-Mobile (LEACH-M)LEACH-Centralized (LEACH-C).Jondhale SR, Wakchaure MA, Agarkar BS, Tambe SB. Improved generalized regression neural network for target localization. Wirel Pers Commun 2022; 125(2): 1677-93. doi: 10.1007/s11277-022-09627-9Jondhale SR, Jondhale AS, Deshpande PS, Lloret J. Improved trilateration for indoor localization: Neural network and centroid-based approach. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 2021; 17(11) doi: 10.1177/15501477211053997Ram GM, Ilavarsan E. Review on energy-efficient routing protocols in WSN. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies 2021; 66: 851-71. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-0965-7_66Jonnalagadda S, Shyamala K, Roja G. Energy-efficient routing in WSN: A review. ECS Trans 2022; 107(1): 1111-24. doi: 10.1149/10701.1111ecstShafiq M, Ashraf H, Ullah A, Tahira S. Systematic literature review on energy efficient routing schemes in WSN – A survey. Mob Netw Appl 2020; 25(3): 882-95. doi: 10.1007/s11036-020-01523-5Alghamdi SA. Cuckoo energy-efficient load-balancing on-demand multipath routing protocol. Arab J Sci Eng 2022; 47(2): 1321-35. doi: 10.1007/s13369-021-05841-yRazaque A, Abdulgader M, Joshi C, Amsaad F, Chauhan M. PLEACH: Energy efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Applications and Technology Conference, LISAT 2016. Farmingdale, NY, USA, 29 April 2016; pp. 1-5. doi: 10.1109/LISAT.2016.7494137Heinzelman WR, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Maui, HI, USA. 07-07 January 2000; 10. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2000.926982Heinzelman WB, Chandrakasan AP, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 2002; 1(4): 660-70. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2002.804190Bharany S, Sharma S, Badotra S, et al. Energy-efficient clustering scheme for flying ad-hoc networks using an optimized leach protocol. Energies 2021; 14(19): 6016. doi: 10.3390/en14196016Daanoune I, Abdennaceur B, Ballouk A. A comprehensive survey on LEACH-based clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Netw 2021; 114: 102409. doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102409Morsy NA, AbdelHay EH, Kishk SS. Proposed energy efficient algorithm for clustering and routing in WSN. Wirel Pers Commun 2018; 103(3): 2575-98. doi: 10.1007/s11277-018-5948-2Yarali A. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Technology and Applications 2020. doi: 10.52305/FCQC6565Molla JP, Dhabliya D, Jondhale SR, et al. Energy efficient received signal strength-based target localization and tracking using support vector regression. Energies 2023; 16(1): 555. doi: 10.3390/en16010555Jondhale SR, Sharma M, Maheswar R, Shubair R, Shelke A. Comparison of neural network training functions for RSSI based indoor localization problem in WSN. In: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer, Cham. 2020; 1132: pp. 112-33. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-40305-8_7Shrivastava PK, Vishwamitra LK. Comparative analysis of proactive and reactive routing protocols in VANET environment. Measurement Sensors 2021; 16: 100051. doi: 10.1016/j.measen.2021.100051Khudayer BH, Alzabin LR, Anbar M, et al. A comparative performance evaluation of routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2023; 14(4) doi: 10.14569/IJACSA.2023.0140449Kalantar S, Jafari M, Hashemipour M. Energy and load balancing routing protocol for IoT. Int J Commun Syst 2023; 36(2): e5371. doi: 10.1002/dac.5371Jadoon R, Zhou W, Jadoon W, Ahmed Khan I. RARZ: Ring-zone based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Appl Sci 2018; 8(7): 1023. doi: 10.3390/app8071023Tarhani M, Kavian YS, Siavoshi S. SEECH: Scalable energy efficient clustering hierarchy protocol in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J 2014; 14(11): 3944-54. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2014.2358567Tanwar S, Tyagi S, Kumar N, Obaidat MSLA-MHR. Learning automata based multilevel heterogeneous routing for opportunistic shared spectrum access to enhance lifetime of WSN. IEEE Syst J 2019; 13(1): 313-23. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2818618Oubbati OS, Mozaffari M, Chaib N, Lorenz P, Atiquzzaman M, Jamalipour A. ECaD: Energy-efficient routing in flying ad hoc networks. Int J Commun Syst 2019; 32(18): e4156. doi: 10.1002/dac.4156Baker T. GreeAODV: An energy efficient routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Cham 2018; 10956: pp. 670-81. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95957-3_69Kim DS, Chung YJ. Self-organization routing protocol supporting mobile nodes for wireless sensor network. First International Multi- Symposiums on Computer and Computational Sciences (IMSCCS' 06). Hangzhou, China, 20-24 June 2006; pp. 622-6. doi: 10.1109/IMSCCS.2006.265Yan L, Pan W, Luo B, Li X, Liu J. Modified energy-efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks in the presence of distributed optical fiber senor link. IEEE Sens J 2011; 11(9): 1815-9. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2010.2104317Mohemed RE, Saleh AI, Abdelrazzak M, Samra AS. Energy-efficient routing protocols for solving energy hole problem in wireless sensor networks. Comput Netw 2017; 114: 51-66. doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2016.12.011Khan RA, Xin Q, Roshan N. RK-energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks. Wirel Pers Commun 2021; 116(1): 709-21. doi: 10.1007/s11277-020-07734-zPriyadarshi R, Singh L, Singh A, Thakur A. SEEN: Stable energy efficient network for wireless sensor network. 2018 5th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN). Noida, India, 22-23 February 2018; pp. 338-42. doi: 10.1109/SPIN.2018.8474228Liu Y, Wu Q, Zhao T, Tie Y, Bai F, Jin M. An improved energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Sensors 2019; 19(20): 4579. doi: 10.3390/s19204579 PMID: 31640248Kang J, Sohn I, Lee SH. Enhanced message-passing based leach protocol for wireless sensor networks. Sensors 2018; 19(1): 75. doi: 10.3390/s19010075 PMID: 30585245Obaidat MS, Misra S. Principles of wireless sensor networks. Cambridge University Press 2014. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139030960Roy NR, Chandra P. A note on optimum cluster estimation in leach protocol. IEEE Access 2018; 6: 65690-6. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2877704Cheng H, Chen Y, Xiong N, Li F. Layer-based data aggregation and performance analysis in wireless sensor networks. J Appl Math 2013; 2013: 1-12. doi: 10.1155/2013/502381Zheng H, Guo W, Xiong N. A kernel-based compressive sensing approach for mobile data gathering in wireless sensor network systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 2018; 48(12): 2315-27. doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2017.2734886