1Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Moscow

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Abstract

Objective. Assessment of the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolates recovered from food products in the Russian Federation from 2018 to 2024 using phenotypic analysis and identification of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance.

Materials and methods. From 2018 to 2024, 3,843 non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates obtained from food products in Russia were analyzed. Generic identification was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Serotyping was performed by agglutination testing using domestically produced Salmonella sera (PETSAL, Russia) according to the Kauffman-White scheme. Phenotypic susceptibility was determined by the broth dilution method (BD) on a Vitek 2 Compact analyzer. Antibiotic resistance genes were identified in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates using whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Results. Salmonella was most frequently isolated from poultry (55.8%), cooked foods (27.5%), and meat products (14.2%); less than 1% of isolates were obtained from confectionery, fish, and dairy products. Phenotypic resistance was recorded to cephalosporins (18.1%), fluoroquinolones (60.1%), aminoglycosides (18.1%), tetracyclines (36.7%), chloramphenicol (27.0%), trimethoprim (66.1%), nitrofurantoin (59.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (21.9%), and carbapenems (0.1%). WGS was used to analyze 31.2% of the sample. The most prevalent sequence types were ST32 (S. Infantis), ST11 (S. Enteritidis), ST198 (S. Kentucky), and ST34 (S. Typhimurium). The genomes were found to harbor resistance determinants to aminoglycosides (93.0%), β-lactams (46.4%), quinolones (31.0%), tetracyclines (97.4%), sulfonamides (89.6%), trimethoprim (59.8%), phenicols (41.1%), macrolides (57.9%), and (less frequently, 1%) lincosamides, colistin, and rifampicin.

Conclusion. Poultry production is the primary reservoir for Salmonella, with circulating isolates demonstrating high levels of resistance to clinically significant antibiotics, primarily fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim. The prevalence of epidemiologically significant clones (ST32, ST11, ST198, ST34) highlights the need for enhanced control at all stages of the food chain and continued molecular genetic monitoring to track the spread of resistant clones.

About the authors

Lyutsiya A. Bitumina

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Author for correspondence.
Email: bitumina@cmd.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5378-0827

Researcher, Scientific Group of Antibiotic Resistance of Food Pathogens

Russian Federation, Moscow

Marina A. Yaroslavtseva

Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: baclab@fcgie.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6719-4848

Bacteriologist, Head of Laboratory

Russian Federation, Moscow

Svetlana N. Paramonova

Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: baclab@fcgie.ru

Biologist

Russian Federation, Moscow

Irina B. Koroleva

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: martiusheva@cmd.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9397-9646

Junior Researcher, Scientific Group of Antibiotic Resistance of Food Pathogens

Russian Federation, Moscow

Nina G. Kulikova

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: kulikova_ng@cmd.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1716-6969

Cand. Biol. Sci., Head, Research Group of Antibiotic Resistance of Food Pathogens

Russian Federation, Moscow

Yuliya V. Mikhailova

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: mihailova@cmd.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5646-538X

Cand. Biol. Sci., Head, Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance

Russian Federation, Moscow

Andrey A. Shelenkov

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: fallandar@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7409-077X

Cand. Phys.-Mat. Sci., Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance

Russian Federation, Moscow

Anna V. Panevina

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: Panevina@cmd.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4721-3447

Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance

Russian Federation, Moscow

Igor N. Manzenyuk

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: manzeniuk@cmd.su
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1146-1430

Cand. Med. Sci., Assistant Director for Research

Russian Federation, Moscow

Vasily G. Аkimkin

Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being

Email: vgakimkin@yandex.ru

Academician of the Russian Academy, МD, Professor, Director

Russian Federation, Moscow

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