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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Epidemiоlоgy and infectious diseases. Сurrent items</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Epidemiоlоgy and infectious diseases. Сurrent items</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2226-6976</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9640</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">716263</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/epidem.2026.16.2.57-62</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Investigations</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of drug-resistance mutations to direct-acting antiviral drugs in hepatitis C virus 3a</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Распространенность мутаций лекарственной резистентности вируса гепатита C генотипа 3а к препаратам прямого противовирусного действия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-9274</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishaeva</surname><given-names>Antonina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришаева</surname><given-names>Антонина Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>antoninagrishaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2440-1309</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshova</surname><given-names>Anastasia S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант</p></bio><email>asyaq01@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6539-4878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponezheva</surname><given-names>Zhanna B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понежева</surname><given-names>Жанна Бетовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Head, Department of Clinical Infectious Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая клиническим отделом инфекционной патологии</p></bio><email>doktorim@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-3527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makashova</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макашова</surname><given-names>Вера Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Leading Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>veramakashova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2244-8810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mannanova</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маннанова</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>irinasemenova07@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9682-2230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Omarova</surname><given-names>Khadizhat G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омарова</surname><given-names>Хадижат Гаджиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Med. Sci., Head, Department of Clinical Trials</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., руководитель отдела клинических исследований</p></bio><email>omarova71@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5524-0296</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khafizov</surname><given-names>Kamil F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хафизов</surname><given-names>Камиль Фаридович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Biol. Sci., Head, Laboratory of Genomic Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., заведующий лабораторией геномных исследований</p></bio><email>kkhafizov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-2915</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chanyshev</surname><given-names>Mikhail D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чанышев</surname><given-names>Михаил Дамирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Biol. Sci., Senior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>chanishq@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-09"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-09"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2226-6976/about/editorialPolicies#purchaseIssue</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2226-6976/article/view/716263">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2226-6976/article/view/716263</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective.</bold> Determination of the prevalence of drug-resistance mutations to direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3a.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study included 44 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 3a. Five patients (11.4%) had a history of DAA therapy for chronic hepatitis C without virological response. HCV RNA sequencing was performed using the HCV-seq NGS panel.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Genomic sequences were obtained for all samples, and therapy resistance mutations were analyzed. The following mutation frequencies were observed in NS3: A166S/T – 20.5%; D168R – 2.3%; I170V – 11.4%; in NS5a: A30K/S/T – 9.1%; L31I – 2.3%; S62T/L – 22.7%; Y93H – 4.5%; in NS5b: K100R – 2.3%. Quasispecies were analyzed for resistance mutations in five patients with a history of unsuccessful DAA therapy. Patient 1 was found to have the A30K mutation, while quasispecies analysis revealed P32L and Y93H in 10% and 14% of reads, respectively. Patient 2 was found to have the 28M and 62L mutations and the A30S quasivariant (10%). The viral genome of patient 3 also contained the 28M and 62L mutations; quasispecies were absent. Patient 4 was found to have the A30K mutation, and patient 5 had the S62L mutation.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Investigation of HCV resistance mutations is advisable in patients with a history of unsuccessful therapy. Additional quasispecies analysis can identify hidden resistance mutations that can lead to treatment failure and relapse.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Определение распространенности мутаций лекарственной резистентности вируса гепатита C (ВГС) генотипа 3a к препаратам прямого противовирусного действия (ПППД).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование были включены 44 пациента с диагнозом «хронический гепатит С, генотип 3а». Пять (11,4%) пациентов имели в анамнезе опыт терапии хронического гепатита С ПППД с отсутствием вирусологического ответа. Секвенирование РНК ВГС осуществляли при помощи NGS-панели HCV-seq.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Для всех образцов получены геномные последовательности и проанализированы мутации резистентности к терапии. Наблюдали следующую частоту встречаемости мутаций в NS3: A166S/T – 20,5%, D168R – 2,3%, I170V – 11,4%, в NS5a: A30K/S/T – 9,1%, L31I – 2,3%, S62T/L – 22,7%, Y93H – 4,5%, в NS5b: K100R – 2,3%. У 5 пациентов c опытом неуспешной терапии ПППД в анамнезе проанализированы квазивиды на наличие мутаций резистентности к терапии: у пациента 1 была выявлена мутация A30K, при анализе квазивидов в 10 и 14% прочтений регистрировались P32L и Y93H соответственно. У пациента 2 обнаружены мутации 28M и 62L и квазивариант A30S (10%). Вирусный геном у пациента 3 также содержал мутации 28M и 62L, квазивиды вируса отсутствовали. У пациента 4 была обнаружена мутация A30K, у пациента 5 – S62L.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Исследование мутаций резистентности ВГС целесообразно у пациентов с неуспешной терапией в анамнезе. Дополнительный анализ квазивидов позволяет выявить скрытые мутации резистентности, которые могут приводить к неэффективности лечения и рецидивам инфекции.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatitis C virus</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>therapy</kwd><kwd>genotype 3a</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита С</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>терапия</kwd><kwd>генотип 3a</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (INIS R&amp;D No. 125012900953-9).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Центрального НИИ эпидемиологии Роскомнадзора (ЕГИСУ НИОКТР № 125012900953-9).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Макашова В.В., Омарова Х.Г., Понежева Ж.Б., Ивашкова Т.А., Горелов А.В. 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