<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Analitika</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Analitika</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аналитика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2227-572X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1351</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Technosphera JSC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686827</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22184/2227-572X.2025.15.3.210.221</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>Аналитика веществ и материалов</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Refracto-densimetric Method for Determining the Sugar and Alcohol Content of Wines, Wine Materials and Fortified Drinks</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рефракто-денсиметрический метод определения сахаристости и спиртуозности вин, виноматериалов и крепленых напитков</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-8629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Федорович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. х. н., профессор</p></bio><email>NikolaevVF@corp.knrtu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zalaltdinov</surname><given-names>Filius F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Залальтдинов</surname><given-names>Филюс Фанисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>filus2022@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gataullin</surname><given-names>Shamil I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гатауллин</surname><given-names>Шамиль Ильдусович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bachelor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>бакалавр</p></bio><email>journal@electronics.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minaeva</surname><given-names>Victoria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минаева</surname><given-names>Виктория Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bachelor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>бакалавр</p></bio><email>journal@electronics.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский национальный исследовательский технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>210</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Nikolaev V.F., Zalaltdinov F.F., Gataullin S.I., Minaeva V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Николаев В.Ф., Залальтдинов Ф.Ф., Гатауллин Ш.И., Минаева В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikolaev V.F., Zalaltdinov F.F., Gataullin S.I., Minaeva V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Николаев В.Ф., Залальтдинов Ф.Ф., Гатауллин Ш.И., Минаева В.В.</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2227-572X/article/view/686827">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2227-572X/article/view/686827</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A rapid method for determining the sugar content and alcohol content of grape wineswith-out preliminary distillation of ethyl alcohol is proposed. The method is based onmeasuring the refractive index and density of the sample and using the additivity principle of refracto-densimetric characteristics – the refraction intercept and specific refraction. The method can be used in laboratory conditions, and in the presence of pairs of immersion or flow refractometers and densimeters (densitometers) built into process tanks or product pipelines, it can be implemented in production. The method considers wines as pseudoternary mixtures of aqueous solutions of sugars (fructose : glucose 1 : 1), ethanol and organic acids (tartaric : malic 3 : 1 wt.). Other minor components of wines, close in refracto-densimetric characteristics to the acid benchmark, also implicitly contribute to the last component. The method has no concentration restrictions on the components to be determined. The trajectories of the fermentation process of sugar and grape must are shown on the Kurtz-Lorentz chemographic map. A simplified version of the method considers wines as binary mixtures of aqueous solutions of sugars and ethyl alcohol, in which case the composition of wines can be determined graphically using the Kurtz-Lorentz nomogram or calculated using a similar algorithm. The results of measuring wine samples show good agreement between certain composition indicators and those declared by producers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Предложен экспресс-метод определения сахаристости и спиртуозности виноградных вин без предварительного отгона этилового спирта. Метод основан на измерении показателя преломления и плотности образца и использовании принципа аддитивности рефракто-денсиметрических характеристик смесей – интерцепта рефракции и удельной рефракции. При наличии встроенных в технологические емкости или продуктопроводы пар погружных или поточных рефрактометров и денсиметров метод может быть использован в производстве в режиме реального времени. Метод рассматривает вина как псевдотернарные смеси водных растворов сахаров (фруктоза: глюкоза 1 : 1 масс.), этанола и органических кислот (винная: яблочная 3 : 1 масс.). В последний компонент в неявном виде вносят вклад также другие минорные составляющие вин, близкие по рефракто-денсиметрическим характеристикам к кислотному реперу. Траектории процесса брожения сахарного и виноградного сусла показаны на хемографической карте Куртца – Лорентца. Упрощенный вариант метода рассматривает вина как бинарные смеси водных растворов сахаров и этилового спирта, в этом случае состав вин может быть определен графически по номограмме Куртца – Лорентца. Результаты измерений образцов вин показывают хорошее соответствие определенных показателей состава показателям, заявленным производителями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>refractive index</kwd><kwd>density</kwd><kwd>Kurtz-Lorentz map</kwd><kwd>food chemistry</kwd><kwd>fructose</kwd><kwd>glucose</kwd><kwd>sucrose</kwd><kwd>wine</kwd><kwd>ethanol</kwd><kwd>winemaking</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>показатель преломления</kwd><kwd>плотность</kwd><kwd>карта Куртца – Лорентца</kwd><kwd>пищевая химия</kwd><kwd>фруктоза</kwd><kwd>глюкоза</kwd><kwd>сахароза</kwd><kwd>вино</kwd><kwd>этанол</kwd><kwd>виноделие</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сompendium of international methods of wine and must analysis, vol. 1. Ed. 2023. International organisation of vine and wine. France: Printed in dijon 12, parvis de l’UNESCO 21000. Available from: https://www.oiv.int/sites/default/files/publication/2023-09/Compendium%20MA%20BOISPI%202023_EN%20.pdf/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сompendium of international methods of wine and must analysis, vol. 1. Ed. 2023. International organisation of vine and wine. France: Printed in dijon 12, parvis de l’UNESCO 21000. Available from: https://www.oiv.int/sites/default/files/publication/2023-09/Compendium%20MA%20BOISPI%202023_EN%20.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evangelou. A., Kechagia D., Beris E et al. Correlation of Wine’s Main Components’ Concentration with the Density of Model Aqueous Solutions and Wine Samples. J. of Food Engineering and Technology. 2022; 11 (1):36–43. DOI.org/1032732/jfet.2022.11.1.36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evangelou A., Kechagia D., Beris E et al. Correlation of Wine’s Main Components’ Concentration with the Density of Model Aqueous Solutions and Wine Samples. J. of Food Engineering and Technology. 2022; 11 (1):36–43. DOI.org/1032732/jfet.2022.11.1.36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Shehadeha A., Evangeloua A., Kechagiaa D. et al. Effect of ethanol, glycerol, glucose/fructose and tartaric acid on the refractive index of model aqueous solutions and wine samples. Food Chemistry. 2020; 329:127085. DOI.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127085.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerogiannaki -Christopoluou M., Kyriakidis N. V., Atanasopoulos E. A. New Refractive Index Method for Measurement of Alcoholic Strength of Small Volume Samples. Journ. of AOAC International/. 2003; 86 (6):1232–5. DOI:10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerogiannaki-Christopoluou M., Kyriakidis N. V., Atanasopoulos E. A. New Refractive Index Method for Measurement of Alcoholic Strength of Small Volume Samples. Journ.of AOAC International/. 2003; 86 (6):1232–5. DOI:10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ioffe B. V. Refractometric methods of chemistry. – L.: GNTIKHL, 1960. 384 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иоффе Б. В. Рефрактометрические методы химии. – Л.: ГНТИХЛ, 1960. с. 384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Methods of technochemical control in winemaking. Ed. by Gerzhikova V. G. 2nd ed. – Simferopol: Tavrida, 2009. 304 p. (in Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Методы технохимического контроля в виноделии. Под ред. Гержиковой В. Г. 2-е изд. – Симферополь: Таврида, 2009. с. 304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaev V. F. Express method for determining the sugar content and alcohol content of grape wines and sugar fermentation products using the Kurtz-Lorentz chemographic map. Preprint Researchgate. 2024; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33701.92641. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николаев В. Ф. Экспресс-метод определения сахаристости и спиртуозности виноградных вин и продуктов брожения сахаров с использованием хемографической карты Куртца – Лорентца. Препринт Preprint Researchgate, april 2024. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33701.92641.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Nikolaev V. F. Rapid Method for the Sugar- and Alcohol-Content Determination in Grape Wines and in Fermented Sugars Using the Kurtz-Lorentz Chemographic Map. Preprint SSRN. 2024; DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4901302.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaev V. F. Express methods for testing composite products of oilfield chemistry and motor fuels. Kazan: Izd-vo KNITU = Kazan: Publishing House of the Kazan National Research Technological University, 2012. 124 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николаев В. Ф. Экспресс-методы тестирования композиционных продуктов нефтепромысловой химии и моторных топлив. Казань: Изд-во КНИТУ. 2012. 124 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaev V. F., Romanova U. G., Tabrisov I. I. et al. Visualization of the group composition of light petroleum products and liquid products of organic synthesis. Zh Vestn. Technol. un-ta = Journal bulletin of the Kazan National Research Technological University 2015; 18. (22): 43–46. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николаев В. Ф., Романова У. Г., Табрисов И. И. и др. Визуализация группового состава светлых нефтепродуктов и жидких продуктов органического синтеза. Вестн. Технол. ун-та. 2015; 18 (22): 43–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaev V. F., Zalaltdinova N. D., Vyachkileva I. O.et al. Mapping technique for oil refining processes and products. Fuel. 2022; 307: 121870. DOI.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121870.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikolaev V. F., Zalaltdinova N. D., Vyachkileva I. O. et al. Mapping technique for oil refining processes and products. Fuel. 2022; 307:121870. DOI.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121870.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolaev V. F., Kolonenkova O. O., Sulaiman F. et al. Kurtz-Lorentz identification maps in chemometrics of aqueous solutions, organic liquids, liquid food products and biological fluids: polar coordinates. Zh. Vestn. technol. un-ta= Journal bulletin of the Kazan National Research Technological University. 2020; 23 (4): 81–86. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николаев В. Ф., Колоненкова О. О., Сулайман Ф. и др. Идентификационные карты Куртца – Лорентца в хемометрике водных растворов, органических жидкостей, жидких пищевых продуктов и биологических жидкостей: полярные координаты. Вестн. технол. ун-та. 2020; 23 (4): 81–86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Physical Chemistry. Theoretical and Practical Guide. Textbook. /Ed. by Nikolsky B. P. – 2nd ed. – L.: Chemistry, 1987. 880 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Физическая химия. Теоретическое и практическое руководство. Учебн. пособ. Под ред. Никольского Б. П. 2-е изд. Л.: Химия, 1987. 880 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aristova N. I., Zaitsev G. P., Panov D. A. Determination of the main organic acids in different types of wines after technological procedures. Uch.zapiski Krym.fed.un-ta im. V. I. Vernadskogo Ser: Biologia. Himiya = Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky Series: Biology. Chemistry. 2017; 3 (69): 249–256 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аристова Н. И., Зайцев Г. П., Панов Д. А. Определение основных органических кислот в различных типах вин после проведения технологических приемов. Ученые записки Крым. фед. ун-та им. В. И. Вернадского Сер. Биология. Химия. 2017; 3 (69):249–256.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Partington J. R. An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry. London; New York; Toronto: Published by Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd; 1953. vol. 4, 700 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Partington, J. R. An Advanced. Treatise on Physical Chemistry. London; New York; Toronto: Published by Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd; 1953. vol .4, 700 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf A. V. Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids. Hoeber Medical Division. New York: Harper &amp; Row, Publishers; 1966. 182 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf A. V. Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids. Hoeber Medical Division. New York: Harper &amp; Row Publishers; 1966. 182 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurtz S. S., Ward A. L. The refractivity intercept and the specific refraction equation of Newton. I. development of the refractivity intercept and comparison with specific refraction equations. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 1936; 222 (5): 563–592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurtz S. S., Ward A. L. The Refractivity intercept and the specific refraction equation of Newton. I. Development of the refractivity intercept and comparison with specific refraction equations. Journal of the Franklin Institute.1936; 222 (5): 563–592.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurtz S. S. The Chemistry of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. N.-Y.: Edit by Brooks B. T., Boord C. E., Schmerling L.; 1954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurtz S. S. The Chemistry of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Edit by Brooks B. T., Boord C. E., Kurtz S. S., N.-Y: Schmerling L; 1954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lange N. A., Sinks M. H. The solubility, specific gravity and index of refraction of aqueous solutions of fumaric, maleic and i-malic acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930; 52 (7): 2602–2604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lange N. A., Sinks M. H. The solubility, specific gravity and index of refraction of aqueous solutions of fumaric, maleic and i-malic acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930; 52(7): 2602–2604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">State Pharmacopoeia 13th edition, v. 3. – M: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2015. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Государственная фармакопея 13 изд. т. 3 – М: Минздрав РФ, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balanov P. E., Smotraeva I. V. Laboratory workshop on wine technology. Saint-Petersburg: ITMO University, 2019. 44 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баланов П. Е., Смотраева И. В. Лабораторный практикум по технологии вина – СПб: Университет ИТМО, 2019. 44 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev N. Ya. Calculation of granulometric characteristics of polydisperse systems. Rostov-on-Don State Pedagogical University un-t – Rostov Book Publishing House,1966. 54 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев Н. Я. Расчет гранулометрических характеристик полидисперсных систем. Ростов.-на-Дону госуд. пед. ун-т – Рост. книжн. изд-во, 1966. 54 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
