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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmacy &amp; Pharmacology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фармация и фармакология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2307-9266</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2241</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">375300</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-6-589-600</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental participation of pharmacological substances in mechanisms of lead acetate toxicity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Участие фармакологических веществ в механизмах токсичности ацетата свинца в эксперименте</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-6104</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzugkoev</surname><given-names>Sergey G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзугкоев</surname><given-names>Сергей Гаврилович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Head of the Department of Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделом физиологических и биохимических механизмов патологии</p></bio><email>patbiochem@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-8157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzugkoeva</surname><given-names>Fira S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзугкоева</surname><given-names>Фира Соломоновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Pathobiochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории патобиохимии</p></bio><email>firadzugkoeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3557-0586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Margieva</surname><given-names>Olga I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маргиева</surname><given-names>Ольга Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Pathobiochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории патобиохимии</p></bio><email>margievaolga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7955-779X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khubulova</surname><given-names>Anna E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хубулова</surname><given-names>Анна Елизбаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Sciences (Medicine), Researcher, Laboratory of Pathobiochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории патобиохимии</p></bio><email>kvizia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3507-9356</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mozhaeva</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Можаева</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Pathobiochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории патобиохимии</p></bio><email>ledmin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Research – branch of Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биомедицинских исследований – филиал федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения науки Федерального научного центра «Владикавказский научный центр Российской академии наук»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>589</fpage><lpage>600</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-02"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-02"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Dzugkoev S.G., Dzugkoeva F.S., Margieva O.I., Khubulova A.E., Mozhaeva I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Дзугкоев С.Г., Дзугкоева Ф.С., Маргиева О.И., Хубулова А.Е., Можаева И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Dzugkoev S., Dzugkoeva F., Margieva O., Khubulova A., Mozhaeva I.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dzugkoev S.G., Dzugkoeva F.S., Margieva O.I., Khubulova A.E., Mozhaeva I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дзугкоев С.Г., Дзугкоева Ф.С., Маргиева О.И., Хубулова А.Е., Можаева И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Dzugkoev S., Dzugkoeva F., Margieva O., Khubulova A., Mozhaeva I.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2307-9266/article/view/375300">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2307-9266/article/view/375300</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The aim</bold> of the work is to study pharmacological substances that play a role of eNOS expression regulators in the modification of lead intoxication effects in the experiment.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> In the experiment, linear male rats of the same age were used: intact and with lead intoxication (120 heads). The study design was the following: group 1 – control; group 2 – intoxication with a lead acetate solution; group 3 – intact + L-nitroarginine methyl ester; group 4 – lead acetate + L-nitroarginine methyl ester; group 5 – intact + L-arginine; group 6 – lead acetate + L-arginine. The research carried out the study state of the redox reactions, the content of nitric oxide (NOx) stable metabolites, a lipid profile, the level of NO-synthase (eNOS) expression in the vascular endothelium, the main processes of urination and the activity of Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase in the renal tissue layers, as well as in the liver. The results were subjected to statistical processing.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Saturnism caused the oxidative stress development, a decrease in the NO<sub>x</sub> content in blood plasma, a violation of the L-arginine for eNOS bioavailability, and an endothelial dysfunction. Indicators of the impaired renal function were a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the tubular reabsorption of water, sodium, and the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity. The damage to hepatocytes was evidenced by changes in the activity of organ-specific enzymes in the blood and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase. L-arginine exhibited antioxidant properties, increased the NO<sub>x</sub> content and the level of eNOS expression. The eNOS L-nitroarginine methyl ester inhibitor showed the effects opposite to L-arginine.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Biochemical markers of damage to kidney and liver cells during saturnism are indicators of the oxidative stress, NO<sub>x</sub> deficiency and hemodynamic disturbances in them. These mechanisms involved the following pharmacological substances: an eNOS inhibitor, L-nitroarginine methyl ester, which caused a decrease in the expression level of the enzyme, and an eNOS inducer, L-arginine, which increased this indicator severity. The lead toxicity mechanisms have been implicated in the impaired cholesterol metabolism, contributing to the L-arginine reduced availability for eNOS and the NO<sub>x</sub> production. Therefore, the use of L-arginine can be recommended as a regulator of the oxidative stress and an NO-producing endothelial function in other pathologies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель. </bold>Изучение фармакологических веществ, играющих роль регуляторов экспрессии eNOS, в модификации эффектов свинцовой интоксикации в эксперименте.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>В эксперименте были использованы линейные крысы-самцы одного возраста: интактные и со свинцовой интоксикацией (120 голов). Дизайн исследования: группа 1– контроль; группа 2 – интоксикация раствором ацетата свинца; группа 3 – интактные + L-нитроаргинин метиловый эфир; группа 4 – ацетат свинца + L-нитроаргинин метиловый эфир; группа 5 – интактные + L-аргинин; группа 6 – ацетат свинца + L-аргинин. В исследовании проводилось изучение состояния окислительно-восстановительных реакций, содержания стабильных метаболитов оксида азота (NO<sub>х</sub>), липидного профиля, уровня экспрессии NO-синтазы (eNOS) в эндотелии сосудов, основных процессов мочеобразования и активности Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-АТФ-азы слоёв почечной ткани, а также в печени. Результаты подвергались статистической обработке.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Сатурнизм вызвал развитие окислительного стресса, снижение содержания NO<sub>х</sub> в плазме крови, нарушение биодоступности L-аргинина для eNOS и дисфункцию эндотелия. Показателями нарушения функции почек были снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации (СКФ), канальцевой реабсорбции воды, натрия и активности Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-АТФ-азы. О повреждении гепатоцитов свидетельствовало изменение активности органоспецифических ферментов в крови и Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-АТФ-азы. L-аргинин проявлял антиоксидантные свойства, повышал содержание NO<sub>x</sub> и уровень экспрессии eNOS. Ингибитор eNOS – L-нитроаргинин метиловый эфир показал противоположные L-аргинину эффекты.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Биохимическими маркерами повреждения клеток почек и печени при сатурнизме являются показатели окислительного стресса, дефицит NO<sub>х</sub> и нарушение гемодинамики в них. В этих механизмах участвовали фармакологические вещества: ингибитор eNOS – L-нитроаргинин метиловый эфир, вызывавший снижение уровня экспрессии энзима, и индуктор eNOS – L-аргинин, повышавший степень выраженности этого показателя. В механизмах токсичности свинца участвовало нарушение обмена холестерина, способствующее сниженной доступности L-аргинина для eNOS и продукции NO<sub>x</sub>. Следовательно, применение L-аргинина можно рекомендовать как регулятора окислительного стресса и NO-продуцирующей функции эндотелия при других патологиях.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lead acetate</kwd><kwd>lipid peroxidation</kwd><kwd>antioxidant system</kwd><kwd>total nitric oxide metabolites</kwd><kwd>endothelial dysfunction</kwd><kwd>L-arginine</kwd><kwd>L-NAME</kwd><kwd>kidney function</kwd><kwd>cholesterol</kwd><kwd>hepatocytes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ацетат свинца</kwd><kwd>перекисное окисление липидов</kwd><kwd>антиокислительная система</kwd><kwd>суммарные метаболиты оксида азота</kwd><kwd>дисфункция эндотелия</kwd><kwd>L-аргинин</kwd><kwd>L-NAME</kwd><kwd>функция почек</kwd><kwd>холестерин</kwd><kwd>гепатоциты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boskabady M, Marefati N, Farkhondeh T, Shakeri F, Farshbaf A, Boskabady MH. 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