<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский журнал правовых исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2410-7522</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-4965</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">631860</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RJLS631860</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Trending topic</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Актуальная тема</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Blood Revenge as a Form of Social Defense in Ancient and Medieval Societies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Кровная месть как средство социальной защиты в древних и средневековых обществах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4669-737X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of law, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор юридических наук, профессор</p></bio><email>yulia_sor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-10"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-7522/article/view/631860">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-7522/article/view/631860</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the institution of blood feuds as a form of retribution and early criminal punishment. It elucidates the reasons and conditions for the emergence of blood feuds and their role in stabilizing society. This article explores the specific features of blood feud procedures among different cultures, including the Jews, Slavs, and Germanic people, particularly focusing on who had the right to commit blood feuds and against whom they could be directed. Finally, the article analyzes the decline of blood feuds due to the establishment of a state monopoly on punishment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящей работе рассматривается институт кровной мести, которая представляла собой форму возмездия и раннего уголовно-правового наказания. Выясняются причины и условия появления кровной мести, ее стабилизирующая функция в обществе. Также в статье раскрываются особенности процедуры кровной мести у иудеев, славян, германских народов, в частности определение того, кто имеет право совершать кровную месть, в отношении каких лиц. Наконец, проанализирован процесс ослабления кровной мести в силу установления государственной монополии на наказание.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>blood feud</kwd><kwd>retribution</kwd><kwd>justice</kwd><kwd>society</kwd><kwd>punishment</kwd><kwd>ancient societies</kwd><kwd>medieval societies</kwd><kwd>life</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кровная месть</kwd><kwd>возмездие</kwd><kwd>справедливость</kwd><kwd>общество</kwd><kwd>наказание</kwd><kwd>древние общества</kwd><kwd>средневековые общества</kwd><kwd>жизнь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltsev GV. Justice of retribution and retribution: a retributive approach. Sociology of power. 2012;(2):5–19. (In Russ.) EDN: PBQCSR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцев Г.В. Справедливость, возмездие и воздаяние: ретрибутивный подход // Социология власти. 2012. № 2. C. 5–19. EDN: PBQCSR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chutchenko AA. From blood feud to the death penalty. Science and education: farming, economics, entrepreneurship, law and management. 2019;(1):55–59. (In Russ.) EDN: VQCGBK</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чутченко А.А. От кровной мести до смертной казни // Наука и образование: хозяйство, экономика, предпринимательство, право и управление. 2019. № 1(104). C. 55–59. EDN: VQCGBK</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konev AN. The ideology of resolving a social conflict under the «Russian law» (the 9-10th centuries). Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019;(1):142–148. (In Russ.) EDN: HAIGTM</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конев А.Н. Идеология разрешения конфликта по Закону русскому (IX–X вв.) // Труды академии управления МВД России. 2019. № 1(49). C. 142–148. EDN: HAIGTM</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piletsky SG. Revenge and retribution: social evolution with feedback. Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. 2010;(2):29–37. (In Russ.) EDN: OKKYSN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пилецкий С.Г. Месть и возмездие: социальная эволюция с обратной связью // Среднерусский вестник общественных наук. 2010. № 2(15). C. 29–37. EDN: OKKYSN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltsev GV. Revenge and retribution in ancient law. Moscow: Infa-M; 2015. (In Russ.) EDN: SDQSOP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцев Г.В. Месть и возмездие в древнем праве. Москва: Инфа-М, 2015. EDN: SDQSOP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malinovsky AS. Blood feud and capital punishment. Vol. 1. Tomsk: Typo-lithography of the Siberian Printing Association; 1908. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малиновский А.С. Кровная месть и смертные казни. Вып. 1. Томск: Типо-литография товарищества Сибирского печатного дела, 1908.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bible. Moscow; 2005. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Библия. Москва, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Homer. Iliad. Odyssey. Moscow; 2021. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гомер. Илиада. Одиссея. Москва, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vladimirsky-Budanov MF. Review of the history of Russian law. Moscow: Territory of the Future; 2005. (In Russ.) EDN: QWPEON</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Владимирский-Буданов М.Ф. Обзор истории русского права. Москва: Территория будущего, 2005. EDN: QWPEON</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvoretskaya IA, Zalyubovina TG, Sherwood EA. Blood feud among the ancient Greeks and Germans. Moscow: Prometheus; 1995. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дворецкая И.А., Залюбовина Т.Г., Шервуд Е.А. Кровная месть у древних греков и германцев. Москва: Прометей, 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tacitus. On the origin of the Germans, the location of the Germans. In: Tacitus. Works in 2 Vol. Saint Petersburg: Nauka; 1993. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тацит. О происхождении германцев, местоположении германцев // Тацит. Сочинения в 2 т. Санкт-Петербург: Наука, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Younger Edda. Moscow: Nauka; 1970. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Младшая Эдда. Москва: Наука, 1970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salic truth. Kazan: Markelov and Sharonov; 1913. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Салическая правда. Казань: Маркелов и Шаронов, 1913.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolsky SA. Inheritance and blood feud. Based on materials from Ancient Scandinavia. In: Eastern Europe in historical retrospective. To the 80th anniversary of V.T. Pashuto. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture; 1999. (In Russ.) EDN: RDSWBX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никольский С.А. Наследование и кровная месть. По материалам Древней Скандинавии. В кн.: Восточная Европа в исторической ретроспективе. К 80-ти летию В.Т. Пашуто. Москва: Языки русской культуры, 1999. EDN: RDSWBX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blok MM. Feudal society. Moscow: Publishing house named after. Sabashnikov; 2003. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Блок М.М. Феодальное общество. Москва: Издательство им. Сабашниковых, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev VG. Transformation of revenge from a legal custom into murder and its reclassification into a crime. Vector of Science TSU. Series of legal sciences. 2013:(2):32–36. (In Russ.) EDN: RASPUT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев В.Г. Превращение мести из правового обычая в убийство и переквалификация ее в преступление // Вектор науки ТГУ. Серия юридические науки. 2013. № 2(131). С. 32–36. EDN: RASPUT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
