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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский журнал правовых исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2410-7522</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-4965</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696216</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RJLS696216</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YSSTUA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Criminal law</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Уголовно-правовые науки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Problems of proof in criminal law mechanisms countering illegal trafficking of precious and semi-precious stones, metals, and pearls</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы доказывания в уголовно-правовом механизме противодействия незаконному обороту драгоценных и полудрагоценных камней, металлов, жемчуга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6699-5694</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nudel</surname><given-names>Stanislav L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нудель</surname><given-names>Станислав Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Jurisprudence), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р юрид. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>crim@izak.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-9966</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechegin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печегин</surname><given-names>Денис Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Jurisprudence), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. юрид. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>crim5@izak.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт законодательства и сравнительного правоведения при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-13"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-14"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-7522/article/view/696216">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-7522/article/view/696216</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents an analysis of court practice in criminal cases involving crimes provided by Article 191 (<italic>Illegal Trafficking of Amber, Jade, or Other Semi-Precious Stones, Precious Metals, Precious Stones, or Pearls</italic>) and Article 255 (<italic>Violation of Rules for Protection and Use of Subsoil of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation</italic>). The study identifies the problems of proof in law enforcement activities affecting the effective application of criminal law mechanisms and procedures for protecting the subsoil use sector. Thus, the criminal justice system is instrumental to achieve the goals of criminal prosecution of individuals for some actions covered by the above articles with minor damage (including up to RUB 500). However, judgments issued in relation to persons doing business in the studied sector often do not consider all its differences, which are nevertheless reflected in the case materials. The study of court practice in the above category of criminal cases, regulatory framework, and doctrine allowed to draw conclusions that may contribute to increased effectiveness of criminal law mechanisms and procedures to counter the illegal trafficking of precious and semi-precious stones, metals, and pearls.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлены результаты анализа судебной практики по уголовным делам о преступлениях, предусмотренных ст. 191 «Незаконный оборот янтаря, нефрита или иных полудрагоценных камней, драгоценных металлов, драгоценных камней либо жемчуга» и ст. 255 «Нарушение правил охраны и использования недр» Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации. Выявлены проблемы доказывания, возникающие в правоприменительной деятельности и негативно сказывающиеся на эффективности уголовно-правовых и уголовно-процессуальных механизмов охраны сферы недропользования. Так, система уголовной юстиции задействуется для целей уголовного преследования физических лиц за совершение некоторых из охватываемых указанными статьями действий при незначительных суммах причиненного ущерба (в том числе до 500 руб.). При этом в решениях, принимаемых в отношении лиц, занимающихся предпринимательской деятельностью в анализируемой сфере, как правило, не в полной мере учитываются особенности ее осуществления, тем не менее находящие отражение в материалах дела. Результаты проведенного исследования судебной практики по обозначенной категории уголовных дел, нормативного регулирования и доктрины позволили сформулировать выводы, которые могут способствовать повышению эффективности уголовно-правовых и уголовно-процессуальных механизмов противодействия незаконному обороту драгоценных и полудрагоценных камней, металлов, жемчуга.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>crime</kwd><kwd>protection and use of subsoil</kwd><kwd>precious and semi-precious stones</kwd><kwd>precious metals</kwd><kwd>pearls</kwd><kwd>illegal extraction of natural resources</kwd><kwd>administrative prejudice</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>преступление</kwd><kwd>охрана и использование недр</kwd><kwd>драгоценные и полудрагоценные камни</kwd><kwd>драгоценные металлы</kwd><kwd>жемчуг</kwd><kwd>незаконная добыча природных ресурсов</kwd><kwd>административная преюдиция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kashepov VP. 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