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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Therapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Therapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2412-4036</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-1823</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">707616</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/therapy.2026.3.106-117</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HELPING PRACTICING PHYSICIAN</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИКУЮЩЕМУ ВРАЧУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Small airway involvement in bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: From understanding pathophysiology to optimizing therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Поражение мелких дыхательных путей при бронхиальной астме и хронической обструктивной болезни легких: от понимания патофизиологии к оптимизации терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8693-4696</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195313767</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7903-4609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uryasev</surname><given-names>Oleg M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Урясьев</surname><given-names>Олег Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after Professor V.Ya. Garmash</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м. н., профессор, заведующий кафедры факультетской терапии им. профессора В.Я. Гармаша</p></bio><email>uryasev08@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-0542</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195313786</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9350-9360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belskikh</surname><given-names>Eduard S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельских</surname><given-names>Эдуард Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after Professor V.Ya. Garmash</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м. н., доцент кафедры факультетской терапии им. профессора В.Я. Гармаша</p></bio><email>ed.bels@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-4388</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57201763814</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3984-1944</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomareva</surname><given-names>Irina B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарева</surname><given-names>Ирина Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after Professor V.Ya. Garmash</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м. н., доцент, доцент кафедры факультетской терапии им. профессора В.Я. Гармаша</p></bio><email>docib@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4445-4480</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203780371</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7524-9816</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glotov</surname><given-names>Sergey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глотов</surname><given-names>Сергей Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy named after Professor V.Ya. Garmash</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м. н., доцент, доцент кафедры факультетской терапии им. профессора В.Я. Гармаша</p></bio><email>sergeyglot@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6573-7460</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57223230731</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9877-2615</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aftaeva</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афтаева</surname><given-names>Елена Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Assistant at the Department of Cardiovascular, Endovascular and X-Ray Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры сердечно-сосудистой, рентгенэндоваскулярной хирургии и лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>aftaeva.elena@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2780-1510</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goldina</surname><given-names>Elena M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гольдина</surname><given-names>Елена Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD (Medicine), Head of the Department of Pulmonology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м. н., заведующая пульмонологическим отделением</p></bio><email>goldina.71@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Рязанский государственный медицинский университет им. академика И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional Clinical Hospital, Ryazan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУ РО «Областная клиническая больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-19"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-19"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, “Bionika Media” LLC</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">“Bionika Media” LLC</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2412-4036/article/view/707616">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2412-4036/article/view/707616</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Small airway involvement (SAI) is a clinically important yet often underestimated component of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this review, SAI is considered both as small airways disease, associated with structural and morphological changes in the bronchioles, and as small airway dysfunction, manifested by peripheral airflow obstruction, ventilation heterogeneity, premature expiratory airway closure, air trapping, and dynamic hyperinflation. A mismatch between symptom burden and standard spirometric indices is frequently related to small airway dysfunction, which is only partly captured by FEV1. The review summarizes current concepts of small airway pathophysiology in asthma and COPD, outlines a diagnostic approach using functional tests and imaging modalities, and substantiates therapeutic strategies that take drug deposition in the peripheral bronchial tree into account. The role of comorbidities and practical aspects of patient management in primary care are addressed separately.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Поражение мелких дыхательных путей (МДП) – клинически значимый, но часто недооцененный компонент бронхиальной астмы и хронической обструктивной болезни легких. В статье поражения МДП рассматриваются как в виде болезни МДП, связанной со структурно-морфологическими изменениями бронхиол, так и проявлений их дисфункции, таких как периферическая обструкция, вентиляционная неоднородность, преждевременное экспираторное закрытие, воздушные ловушки, динамическая гиперинфляция. Несоответствие выраженности симптомов и показателей стандартной спирометрии нередко связано с дисфункцией МДП, ограниченно отражающейся в объеме форсированного выдоха за 1-ю секунду. В рамках обзора систематизированы современные представления о патофизиологии МДП при астме и хронической обструктивной болезни легких, представлен диагностический подход с использованием функциональных и визуализирующих методов, обоснованы терапевтические стратегии с учетом доставки препаратов в периферические отделы бронхиального дерева. Отдельно рассмотрены роль коморбидности и практические аспекты ведения пациентов на уровне первичного звена.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>small airways</kwd><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>impulse oscillometry</kwd><kwd>small airway disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мелкие дыхательные пути</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких</kwd><kwd>импульсная осциллометрия</kwd><kwd>болезнь мелких дыхательных путей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2025 report. 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