The evolution of justice: retributive, corrective, restorative and transformational paradigms

The purpose of this research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of justice concepts, from the punitive model to modern approaches, including restorative and transformational justice. The study aims to identify the essential characteristics of each paradigm and their impact on the contemporary criminal justice system. The research employs methods of historical and legal analysis, comparative law, and a systematic approach to studying various models of justice. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of theoretical concepts of retributivism, consequentialism, and restorative justice. The main results of the research demonstrate that the evolution of justice concepts has progressed from the punitive model based on the principle of talion through corrective justice to restorative and transformational approaches. It has been established that each subsequent model did not negate the previous one but integrated its elements, creating a more sophisticated system of response to crime. The research conclusions show that modern jurisprudence demonstrates a transition from repressive methods to restorative and transformational approaches. It has been revealed that restorative justice represents a qualitatively new approach aimed at restoring violated legal relations, reintegrating offenders into society, addressing the causes of criminal behavior, considering the interests of all participants in the process. The scientific significance of the work lies in the systematization of theoretical concepts regarding various models of justice and the substantiation of the need for a comprehensive approach to their application in the modern legal system. The research results can be used to improve criminal justice policy and the practice of applying various models of justice.