<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Lesnoy Vestnik / Forestry Bulletin</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Lesnoy Vestnik / Forestry Bulletin</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лесной вестник / Forestry Bulletin</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2542-1468</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706310</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18698/2542-1468-2025-4-79-93</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Biological and technological aspects of forestry</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Биологические и технологические аспекты лесного хозяйства</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental application of egg parasitoids <italic>Trichogramma</italic> genus against pine web-spinning sawfly <italic>Acantholyda posticalis</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспериментальное применение яйцеедов рода <italic>Trichogramma</italic> против звездчатого пилильщика-ткача <italic>Acantholyda posticalis</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeeva</surname><given-names>Yuliya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеева</surname><given-names>Юлия Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biologу), Head of the Laboratory of Biological Methods of Forest Protection of the Forest Protection Department – Center for Priority Biotechnologies in Forest Protection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лабораторией биологических методов защиты леса Отдела защиты леса — Центра приоритетных биотехнологий в защите леса</p></bio><email>sergeeva@vniilm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolmonego</surname><given-names>Sergey O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долмонего</surname><given-names>Сергей Октавианович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Research Scientist at the Laboratory of Biological Methods of Forest Protection of the Forest Protection Department – Center for Priority Biotechnologies in Forest Protection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ст. науч. сотр. лаборатории биологических методов защиты леса Отдела защиты леса — Центра приоритетных биотехнологий в защите леса</p></bio><email>dolmonego@vniilm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodin</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родин</surname><given-names>Сергей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Acting Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. c.-х. наук, академик РАН, и. о. директора</p></bio><email>info@vniilm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagorinskiy</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загоринский</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Scientist at the Laboratory of Biological Methods of Forest Protection of the Forest Protection Department – Center for Priority Biotechnologies in Forest Protection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>науч. сотр. лаборатории биологических методов защиты леса Отдела защиты леса — Центра приоритетных биотехнологий в защите леса</p></bio><email>zagorinsky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute for Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лесоводства и механизации лесного хозяйства» (ФБУ ВНИИЛМ)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-17"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-17"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Sergeeva Y.A., Dolmonego S.O., Rodin S.A., Zagorinskiy A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Сергеева Ю.А., Долмонего С.О., Родин С.А., Загоринский А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sergeeva Y.A., Dolmonego S.O., Rodin S.A., Zagorinskiy A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сергеева Ю.А., Долмонего С.О., Родин С.А., Загоринский А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2542-1468/article/view/706310">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2542-1468/article/view/706310</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An experimental application of a non-specialized <italic>Trichogramma</italic> sp. produced at the factory (factory Trichogramma) was carried out to develop an environmentally safe method of protecting forest plantations, expanding the arsenal of biological means to prevent the occurrence and elimination of foci of the pine web-spinning sawfly. The release of the Trichogramma sp. was carried out at the beginning of the egg-laying period by females' pine web-spinning sawfly in the Rostov and Volgograd regions on the basis of biomaterial (grain moth eggs infected with Trichogramma) provided by a private manufacturer. Different consumption rates and methods of applying biomaterial have been tested (uniform ground dispersion and placement in containers). The death of the eggs of pine web-spinning sawfly in the places of application of the factory Trichogramma was at the experimental site in the Volgograd region: 26,4…54,1 % (in the control: 8,5…14,5 %). In the Rostov region, 8,3…16,7 %, and 0…33,3 % in different plots (in the control: 4,5…14,3 %). Based on statistical processing of data, it was found that with a low pest population in the Rostov region, where the threat of pine defoliating by the pest is 10 %, differences with the control in trichogram efficiency are not reliable when using both overestimated and underestimated biomaterial consumption rates. At the experimental site in the Volgograd region, with a threat of defoliating of about 300 %, the reliability of differences in the effectiveness of the Trichogramma sp. in the treated and control areas is significant. The resumption of a new generation of the factory Trichogramma was not noted in the experimental sites, which was confirmed in laboratory experience. Calculation of the stock of eggs of the pine web-spinning sawfly in experimental sites during the operation of the factory Trichogramma and its comparison with experimental data on the effectiveness of its application showed that 100 % of the pest eggs available in the plantations at that time died. Therefore, the use of a factory Trichogramma against a pine web-spinning sawfly has shown high efficiency. It is advisable to conduct research on the selection of effective consumption rates and timing of the introduction of a Trichogramma sp. into the foci of the phytophage.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Приведены экспериментальные результаты применения неспециализированной заводской трихограммы против звездчатого пилильщика-ткача в Ростовской и Волгоградской областях. Опробованы разные нормы расхода, способы внесения биоматериала и ранний срок расселение трихограммы. Определено, что возобновления нового поколения заводской трихограммы в опытных участках не произошло, это подтверждено и в лабораторном опыте. Проанализирована эффективность внесения трихограммы при разных уровнях численности звездчатого пилильщика-ткача в сравнении с природным уровнем паразитизма на контрольных участках. Установлен период действия паразитоида на популяцию фитофага, выявлена высокая эффективность применения заводской трихограммы против звездчатого пилильщика-ткача. Целесообразно проведение исследований по подбору эффективных норм расхода и сроков внесения трихограммы в очаги фитофага.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forest protection</kwd><kwd>pine web-spinning sawfly</kwd><kwd>Trichogramma</kwd><kwd>efficiency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>защита леса</kwd><kwd>звездчатый пилильщик-ткач</kwd><kwd>трихограмма</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>053-00006-23-00</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out under the theme of the state task of FBU VNIILM for applied scientific research No. 053-00006-23-00</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках темы государственного задания ФБУ ВНИИЛМ на проведение прикладных научных исследований № 053-00006-23-00</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obzor sanitarnogo i lesopatologicheskogo sostoyaniya lesov Rossiyskoy Federatsii za 2022 god [Review of the sanitary and forest pathology status of the forests of the Russian Federation for 2022]. Pushkino: FBU «Roslesozashchita», 2023, 327 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Обзор санитарного и лесопатологического состояния лесов Российской Федерации за 2022 год. Пушкино: ФБУ «Рослесозащита», 2023. 327 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolomiets N.G. Zvezdchatyy pilil’shchik-tkach [Pine web-spinning sawfly]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1967, p. 136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коломиец Н.Г. Звездчатый пилильщик-ткач. Новосибирск: Наука, 1967. 136 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I., Maslov A.D., Fedotov M.A., Chernyshov A.Ya., Kaupush K.R. Zvezdchatyy pilil’shchik-tkach i mery bor’by s nim v Tverskoy obl. [Pine web-spinning sawfly and measures to combat it in the Tver region]. Lesnoe khozyaystvo [Forestry], 2003, no. 3, pp. 43–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И., Маслов А.Д., Федотов М.А., Чернышов А.Я., Каупуш К.Р. Звездчатый пилильщик-ткач и меры борьбы с ним в Тверской обл. // Лесное хозяйство, 2003. № 3. С. 43–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I., Seryy G.A., Bondarenko E.Yu. Zvezdchatyy pilil’shchik-tkach: vredonosnost’, lesopatologicheskie obsledovaniya v ochagakh i mery zashchity [Pine web-spinning sawfly: its hazard, forest pathology surveys in its mass outbreaks, and protection operations]. Pushkino: VNIILM, 2015, 60 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И., Серый Г.А., Бондаренко Е.Ю. Звездчатый пилильщик-ткач: вредоносность, лесопатологические обследования в очагах и меры защиты. Пушкино: Изд-во ВНИИЛМ, 2015. 60 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voolma K., Hiiesaar K., Williams I. H., Ploomi A., Jõgar K. Cold hardiness in the pre-imaginal stages of the great web-spinning pine-sawfly Acantholyda posticalis. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2016, no. 18, рр. 432–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/afe.12172</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voolma K., Hiiesaar K., Williams I. H., Ploomi A., Jõgar K. Cold hardiness in the pre-imaginal stages of the great web-spinning pine-sawfly Acantholyda posticalis // Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2016, no. 18, рр. 432–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/afe.12172</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyashenko L.I., Andreeva G.I. Dimilin protiv vrediteley lesa [Dimilin against forest pests]. Zashchita rasteniy [Plant Protection], 1979, no. 6, pp. 21–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ляшенко Л.И., Андреева Г.И. Димилин против вредителей леса // Защита растений, 1979. № 6. С. 21–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidenko L.K. Perspektivnye preparaty v bor’be so zvezdchatym pilil’shchikom-tkachom [Promising drugs in the fight against pine web-spinning sawfly]. Nadzor za vreditelyami i boleznyami lesa i sovershenstvovanie mer bor’by s nimi: Tezisy dokl. nauch.-tekhn. soveshch [Surveillance of forest pests and diseases and improvement of measures to combat them: Abstracts of the report of a scientific and technical meeting]. Pushkino, September 17–19, 1981. Moscow: VNIILM, 1981, pp. 52–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давиденко Л.К. Перспективные препараты в борьбе со звездчатым пилильщиком-ткачом // Надзор за вредителями и болезнями леса и совершенствование мер борьбы с ними: Тезисы докл. науч.-техн. совещ, Пушкино, 17-19 сентября 1981 г. М.: Изд-во ВНИИЛМ, 1981. С. 52–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martynyuk A.A. O kontseptual’nykh podkhodakh k novoy redaktsii Lesnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Concept approaches to the Russian Federation forest code new version]. Lesokhozyaystvennaya informatsiya [Forestry information], 2020, no. 2, pp. 5–24. DOI 10.24419/LHI.2304-3083.2020.2.01.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартынюк А.А. О концептуальных подходах к новой редакции Лесного кодекса Российской Федерации // Лесохозяйственная инфoрмация, 2020. № 2. С. 5–24. DOI 10.24419/LHI.2304-3083.2020.2.01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bednova O.V. Biologicheskiy metod zashchity lesa [Biological method of forest protection]. Moscow: MGTU im. N.E. Baumana, 2023, 140 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беднова О.В. Биологический метод защиты леса. М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2023. 140 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorontsov A.I. Perspektivy ispol’zovaniya entomofagov dlya zashchity lesa [Prospects for the use of entomophages for forest protection]. Biologicheskaya i integrirovannaya bor’ba s vreditelyami v lesnykh biotsenozakh: mater. simpoz., [Biological and integrated pest control in forest biocenoses: simpos. mater.] September 3–8, 1989, Borjomi. Moscow, 1989, pp. 20–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воронцов А.И. Перспективы использования энтомофагов для защиты леса // Биологическая и интегрированная борьба с вредителями в лесных биоценозах: материалы симп., 3–8 сентября 1989 г., Боржоми. М.: б. и., 1989. С. 20–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsankov G. Issledovanie i primenenie entomofagov v biologicheskoy bor’be s vreditelyami lesnykh biotsenozov [Research and application of entomophages in biological control of pests of forest biocenoses]. Biologicheskaya i integrirovannaya bor’ba s vreditelyami v lesnykh biotsenozakh: : mater. simpoz. Biologicheskaya i integrirovannaya bor’ba s vreditelyami v lesnykh biotsenozakh: mater. simpoz. [Biological and integrated pest control in forest biocenoses: simpos. mater.], September 3–8, 1989, Borjomi. Moscow, 1989, pp. 7–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цанков Г. Исследование и применение энтомофагов в биологической борьбе с вредителями лесных биоценозов // Биологическая и интегрированная борьба с вредителями в лесных биоценозах: материалы симп., 3–8 сентября 1989 г., Боржоми. М.: б. и., 1989. С. 7–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramzan S., Ahsin M., Maan N.A., Ali I. Use of Trichogramma chilonis as biological control / Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad. Available at: https://agrihunt.com/articles/pesticide-industry/use-of-trichogramma-chilonis-as-biological-control/ (accessed 28.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramzan S., Ahsin M., Maan N.A., Ali I. Use of Trichogramma chilonis as biological control / Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad. URL: https:// agrihunt.com/articles/pesticide-industry/use-of-trichogramma-chilonis-as-biological-control/ (дата обращения 28.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomson L., Bennett D., Glenn D.A., Hoffmann A. Developing Trichogramma as a pest management tool. Predators and parasitoids. Eds. O. Koul, G.S. Dhaliwal, 2003, 208 p. DOI: 10.1201/9780203302569.ch4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomson L., Bennett D., Glenn D.A., Hoffmann A. Developing Trichogramma as a pest management tool // Predators and parasitoids. Eds. O. Koul, G.S. Dhaliwal, 2003, 208 p. DOI: 10.1201/9780203302569.ch4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith S.M. Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual review of entomology, 1996, no. 41 (1), рр. 375–406. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.41.1.375</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith S.M. Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use // Annual review of entomology, 1996, no. 41 (1), рр. 375–406. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.41.1.375</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu F.-H., Smith S.M. Measurement and Selection of Parasitoid Quality for Mass-Reared Trichogramma minutum Riley Used in Inundative Release. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2000, no. 10 (1), рр. 3–13. doi.org/10.1080/09583150029332</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu F.-H., Smith S.M. Measurement and Selection of Parasitoid Quality for Mass-Reared Trichogramma minutum Riley Used in Inundative Release // Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2000, no. 10 (1), рр. 3–13. doi.org/10.1080/09583150029332</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu W., Wen X.Y., Hou Y.Y., Desneux N., Ali A., Zang L.S. Suitability of Chinese oak silkworm eggs for the multigenerational rearing of the parasitoid Trichogramma leucaniae. PLoS One, 2020, v. 15(4), p. e0231098. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu W., Wen X.Y., Hou Y.Y., Desneux N., Ali A., Zang L.S. Suitability of Chinese oak silkworm eggs for the multigenerational rearing of the parasitoid Trichogramma leucaniae // PLoS One, 2020, v. 15(4), p. e0231098. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith S.M., Strom K.B. Oviposition by the forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae) and acceptability of its eggs to Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatodae). Environmental Entomology, 1993, v. 22, no. 6, pp. 1375–1382. DOI:10.1093/ee/22.6.1375</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith S.M., Strom K.B. Oviposition by the forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae) and acceptability of its eggs to Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatodae) // Environmental Entomology, 1993, v. 22, no. 6, pp. 1375–1382. DOI:10.1093/ee/22.6.1375</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Smith S.M., Carrow J.R., Laing J.E. Inundative release of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), against forest insect pests such as the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) the Ontario project 1982–1986. Ottawa: The Еntomological Society of Canada, 1990, 87 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith S.M., Hubbes M., Carrow J.R. Ground release of Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 1987, v. 119, no. 3, pp. 251–263. DOI:10.4039/Ent119251-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith S.M., Hubbes M., Carrow J.R. Ground release of Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) // The Canadian Entomologist, 1987, v. 119, no. 3, pp. 251–263. DOI:10.4039/Ent119251-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martel V., Johns R., Jochems-Tanguay L., Jean F. The Use of UAS to Release the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Against an Agricultural and a Forest Pest in Canada. J. of Economic Entomology, 2021, v. 114, no. 5, pp. 1867–1881. DOI:10.1093/jee/toaa325</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martel V., Johns R., Jochems-Tanguay L., Jean F. The Use of UAS to Release the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Against an Agricultural and a Forest Pest in Canada // J. of Economic Entomology, 2021, v. 114, no. 5, pp. 1867–1881. DOI:10.1093/jee/toaa325</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Roques A. The larch cone fly in the French Alps // Dynamics of forest insect population. Patterns, Causes, Implications / Ed. by A.A. Berryman. Boston: Springer MA, 1988, pp. 2–28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zang L-S., Wang S., Zhang F., Desneux N. Biological Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives. Annual Review of Entomology, 2020, v. 66, pp. 463–484. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-060120-091620</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zang L-S., Wang S., Zhang F., Desneux N. Biological Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives // Annual Review of Entomology, 2020, v. 66, pp. 463–484. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ento-060120-091620</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y.X., Li B.Q. Alternative hosts of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura in different habitats (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Entomologia Sinica, 1994, v. 1(3), pp. 259–263. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.1994.tb00252.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y.X., Li B.Q. Alternative hosts of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura in different habitats (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) // Entomologia Sinica, 1994, v. 1(3), pp. 259–263. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.1994.tb00252.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Philip M. M., Orri D. B. Operational Considerations for Augmentation of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Suppression of Rhyacionia frustrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Pinus taeda Plantations. J. of Economic Entomology, 2008, v. 101, no. 2, pp. 421–429 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[421:ocfaot]2.0.co;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Philip M. M., Orri D. B. Operational Considerations for Augmentation of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Suppression of Rhyacionia frustrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Pinus taeda Plantations // J. of Economic Entomology, 2008, v. 101, no. 2, pp. 421–429. DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[421:ocfaot]2.0.co;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kenis M., Kloosterman K. European parasitoids of the pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.)) and their potential for biological control in North America. Proceedings: Integrated management and dynamics of forest defoliating insects / Eds. A.M. Liebhold, M.L. McManus, I.S. Otvos, S.L.C. Fosbroke. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 1999, pp. 65–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kenis M., Kloosterman K. European parasitoids of the pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.)) and their potential for biological control in North America // Proceedings: Integrated management and dynamics of forest defoliating insects / Eds. A.M. Liebhold, M.L. McManus, I.S. Otvos, S.L.C. Fosbroke. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 1999, pp. 65–73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I., Simonova T.I. Rol’ patogenov i entomofagov zvezdchatogo i krasnogolovogo pilil’shchikov-tkachey v ochagakh massovogo razmnozheniya [Role of pathogenes and parasites of saw flies in the centers of mass reproduction]. Russian Lesnoy zhurnal, 2001, no 5–6, pp. 16–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И., Симонова Т.И. Роль патогенов и энтомофагов звездчатого и красноголового пилильщиков-ткачей в очагах массового размножения // ИзВУЗ Лесной журнал, 2001. № 5–6. С. 16–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I. Rol’ yaytseedov v ochagakh tkacha-pilil’shchika v Kazakhstane [The role of egg parasitoid in the pine web-spinning sawfly foci in Kazakhstan]. II Vsesoyuznaya nauch.-prakt. konf. «Okhrana lesnykh ekosistem i ratsional’noe ispol’zovanie lesnykh resursov»: tez. dokl. [II All-Union scientific-practical conf. «Protection of forest ecosystems and rational use of forest resources»: report summary] Part 1. Moscow, 1991, pp. 103–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И. Роль яйцеедов в очагах ткача-пилильщика в Казахстане // II Всесоюз. науч.-технич. конф. «Охрана лесных экосистем и рациональное использование лесных ресурсов»: тез. докл. Ч. 1. М., 1991. С. 103–104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I., Rakov A. G., Gimranov R. I., Gninenko A. Yu. Opyt proizvodstvennogo primeneniya trikhogrammy v ochagakh massovogo razmnozheniya zvezdchatogo pilil’shchika-tkacha [Experience of industrial application of Trichogramma in foci of mass reproduction of the pine web-spinning sawfly]. Monitoring i biologicheskie metody kontrolya vrediteley i patogenov drevesnykh rasteniy: ot teorii k praktike: mater. III Vseros. konf. s mezhdunar. uchastiem [Monitoring and biological methods of control of pests and pathogens of woody plants: from theory to practice: Proc. III All-Russian Conf. with international participation]. Moscow, April 11–15, 2022, Moscow–Krasnoyarsk, 2022, pp. 47–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И., Раков А. Г., Гимранов Р. И., Гниненко А. Ю. Опыт производственного применения трихограммы в очагах массового размножения звездчатого пилильщика-ткача // Мониторинг и биологические методы контроля вредителей и патогенов древесных растений: от теории к практике: материалы III Всерос. конф. с междунар. участием. Красноярск, 11–15 апреля 2022 г. М.: Изд-во Института леса СО РАН, 2022. С. 47–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I., Rakov A.G., Gimranov R.I. Pervyy opyt shirokomasshtabnogo primeneniya trikhogrammy dlya zashchity lesa ot zvezdchatogo pilil’shchika-tkacha v Rossii [The first experience of large-scale use of Trichogramma to protect forests from the stellar sawfly-weaver in Russia]. Sovet botanicheskikh sadov stran SNG pri mezhdunarodnoy assotsiatsii akademiy nauk: Inform. byull. Vyp. 16 (39) [Council of Botanical Gardens of the CIS Countries under the International Association of Academies of Sciences: newsletter issue 16 (39)]. Pushkino: VNIILM, 2022, pp. 81–87. DOI: 10.35102/cbgcis.2022.34.81.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И., Раков А.Г., Гимранов Р.И. Первый опыт широкомасштабного применения трихограммы для защиты леса от звездчатого пилильщика-ткача в России // Совет ботанических садов стран СНГ при международной ассоциации академий наук: информ. бюлл. Вып. 16 (39). Пушкино: Изд-во ВНИИЛМ, 2022. С. 81–87. DOI: 10.35102/cbgcis.2022.34.81.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Entomofagi: proizvodstvo i primenenie v Rossii [Entomophages: production and application in Russia]. Available at: https://agriecomission.com/base/entomofagi-proizvodstvo-i-primenenie-v-rossii?ysclid=lmg7h51rrr284617704 (accessed 25.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энтомофаги: производство и применение в России. URL: https://agriecomission.com/base/entomofagiproizvodstvo-i-primenenie-v-rossii?ysclid=lmg7h51r rr284617704 (дата обращения 25.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nekhimicheskaya zashchita AGRO XXI–2022 [Non-chemical protection AGRO XXI–2022]. Available at: https://finance. rambler.ru/economics/48628853-nehimicheskaya-zaschita/?ysclid=lnwtsgop44435522179 (accessed 25.03. 2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нехимическая защита / АГРО XXI–2022. URL: https://finance.rambler.ru/economics/ 48628853-nehimicheskaya-zaschita/ ?ysclid=lnwtsgop44435522179 (дата обращения 25.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krushev L.T. Biologicheskie metody zashchity lesa ot vrediteley [Biological methods of protecting forests from pests]. Moscow: Forest industry, 1973, 192 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крушев Л.Т. Биологические методы защиты леса от вредителей. М.: Лесная пром-сть, 1973. 192 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchepetil’nikova V.A. Primenenie trikhogrammy v SSSR. Biologicheskie sredstva zashchity rasteniy [Application of Trichogramma in the USSR]. Biologicheskie sredstva zashchity rasteniy [Biological plant protection products]. Moscow: Kolos, 1974, pp. 138–158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щепетильникова В.А. Применение трихограммы в СССР // Биологические средства защиты растений. М.: Колос, 1974. С. 138–158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedoryak V.E. Zvezdchatyy tkach [The pine web-spinning sawfly]. Alma-Ata: Kaynar, 1970, 60 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоряк В. Е. Звездчатый ткач. Алма-Ата: Кайнар, 1970. 60 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gninenko Yu.I., Sergeeva Yu.A. Otsenka effektivnosti primeneniya insektitsidov dlya zashchity lesov [Assesment of incecticide application efficiency in forest protection]. Pushkino: VNIILM, 2015, 40 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гниненко Ю.И., Сергеева Ю.А. Оценка эффективности применения инсектицидов для защиты лесов. Пушкино: Изд-во ВНИИЛМ, 2015. 40 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gar K.A. Metody ispytaniya toksichnosti i effektivnosti insektitsidov (pod red. E.E Savzdarga) [Methods for testing the toxicity and effectiveness of insecticides (edited by E.E. Savzdarg)]. Moscow: Publishing house of agricultural literature, journal and posters, 1963, 288 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гар К.А. Методы испытания токсичности и эффективности инсектицидов (под ред. Э.Э Савздарга). М.: Изд-во с/х литературы, журн. и плакатов, 1963. 288 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seryy G.A. K biologii zvezdchatogo pilil’shchika-tkacha Acantholyda posticalis (Matsumura, 1912) (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) v usloviyakh Volgogradskoy oblasti. [The biology of pine web spinning sawfly Acantholyda posticalis (Matsumura, 1912) (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in the conditions of the Volgograd province]. Entomologicheskie i parazitologicheskie issledovaniya v Povolzh’e [Entomological and parasitological studies in the Volga region], 2017, iss. 14, pp. 57–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серый Г.А. К биологии звездчатого пилильщика-ткача Acantholyda posticalis (Matsumura, 1912) (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) в условиях Волгоградской области // Энтомологические и паразитологические исследования в Поволжье, 2017. Вып. 14. С. 57–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyy L. P. Biologicheskie i ekologicheskie osobennosti zvezdchatogo pilil’shchika-tkacha (Acantholyda stellata Christ) v Belorussii i mery bor’by s nim [Biological and ecological features of the pine web-spinning sawfly (Acantholyda stellata Christ) in Belarus and measures to combat it]. Abstract Dis. Cand. Sci. (Biol.). Gomel, 1972, 21 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малый Л.П. Биологические и экологические особенности звездчатого пилильщика-ткача (Acantholyda stellata Christ) в Белоруссии и меры борьбы с ним: автореф. дис.… канд. биол. наук. Гомель, 1972. 21 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
