Vol 30, No 2 (2026)

Original data reflecting the dependence of pine undergrowth condition on the number of branches in the whorl and the gain figures are presented. The pine forests of lingonberry forest type in the forest fund of the Republic of Buryatia were studied. The pine forests at the trial plots are pure stands of 4–5 classes of bonitet. The average age of pine forests is 70–80 years. The pine forests were formed at burned areas over the last few years. The total amount of pine undergrowth does not exceed 1000 pine trees/ha under the canopy of pine forests. Undergrowth is represented by single tree species of Sorbus aucuparia subsp. Sibirica (Hedl.) Krylov, Juniperus sibirica Burgsd, Lonicera maximowiczii Maxim. The forest live cover consists of 12 species of vascular plants and several species of mosses and lichens. Undergrowth and forest live cover were counted using a free route on circular survey plots with a radius of 178,5 cm. In the course of field studies, the height, age, number of branches in the whorl, undergrowth viability, growth size and age of needles were determined in pine undergrowth. Species composition, occurrence and projective cover by species were determined for the forest live cover. Illumination and temperature were measured simultaneously at 12–13 hours in cloudy weather. It was shown that the maximum number of branches in a whorl in viable undergrowth reaches 6. The whorl of non-viable undergrowth contains 1–2 branches. In some cases, no lateral branches are formed in the whorl of non-viable undergrowth. The same is most often characteristic of dry undergrowth. Absolute values of the average total growth of pine undergrowth reach up to 36 cm/year in large undergrowth. In non-viable undergrowth this value varies from 1 to 4 cm/year. The results obtained can be used to compare the main characteristics of pine undergrowth growing in other forest conditions.

The main tasks of remote forest pathology monitoring of coniferous forests infested with insect pests are considered. The importance of using multiclass classification results of coniferous trees in high-resolution images obtained during aerial forest monitoring using spacecraft or unmanned aerial vehicles for rapid problem-solving is demonstrated. A method for the rapid detection of small spruce bark beetle outbreaks is proposed. This method involves multiclass classification of infested trees in images using the Res-Mo-U-Net neural network model, identification of tree age based on the assessment of their crown area using segmentation masks obtained through multiclass classification, and decision-making on the presence of small spruce bark beetle outbreaks in the studied fir forest area based on calculations of actual tree mortality. To test the proposed method, a neural network analysis of an image of a fir forest area infested by the small spruce bark beetle in the Tomsk region was carried out. The results of the testing indicate the potential of the method for practical application.

A conceptual model of an adaptive greening system for the Central Black Earth Region (using the city of Bobrov as an example) is proposed. We used the data on the city of Bobrov, the winner of the All-Russian competition for the best projects to create a comfortable urban environment. A map of tourist routes in the Bobrovsky district is presented. General information about the city of Bobrov in the Voronezh region is provided. The architectural heritage sites in Bobrov city are examined. Typical key problems of small towns in Russia are indicated. The small historical town of Russia Bobrov, which is included in the list of historical towns of the Russian Federation, was analyzed. A landscape-visual analysis of the designed territory was carried out based on the General Plan of the urban settlement of Bobrov. A plan for the development of the cultural and historical framework of Bobrov city has been developed. The natural framework of the Bobrovsky municipal district has been established.

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of five public gardens located in the central historical part of Yekaterinburg: Alexander Kandel Public Garden, the Public Garden near the Opera House, Ploshchad Oborony Public Garden, Kirov Square Public Garden, and the Public Garden of the Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin. The relevance of this study is driven by intensive urbanization processes, increasing density of urban development, and the need to preserve and rationally utilize existing green spaces. The research employed methods of field survey, tree-by-tree inventory, and planning analysis, supplemented by archival data. It was found that the formation of these public gardens occurred during two periods: the 1930s–1950s («historical» gardens) and the second half of the 20th century. The species composition includes 21 species, dominated by small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and Siberian crab apple (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.). The age of the trees ranges from 50 to 80 years, and their sanitary condition is assessed as satisfactory but weakened (2,4…2,9 points). Differences were revealed in planting density (99…272 trees/ha) and layout: historical gardens are characterized by axial composition, while later ones feature landscape-style planning. The functions of the gardens are differentiated (decorative, transit, recreational, memorial). The proposed typology enables the systematization of green spaces and substantiates approaches to their preservation, taking into account their historical and cultural significance.

The article presents a description of the extracting process of biologically active substances from pine bark. It also provides a schematic diagram of an experimental setup for extracting biologically active substances. It describes the methodology for conducting experimental studies on the extraction of biologically active substances. The authors present the dependence of the concentration of biologically active substances (coniferous wax, anthocyanidin dye, and pectin substances) from the type and concentration of the extractant, water duty, temperature, and time. The article also demonstrates the extraction of maximum amounts of coniferous wax, anthocyanidin dye and pectin under specific conditions.

The article presents a mathematical description of the analytical model of interaction of multi-operational logging machines when they realize typical technological processes of timber harvesting. The model is based on analytical dependencies that determine the position of harvesters and forwarders on the logging sites, the coordinates of their technological stands, the paths traveled by the machines at each stage of the technological cycle, the positions of working bodies, the paths of their movement and the manipulator actuators involved. For the harvester, the accessibility of trees from one technological parking lot was estimated, taking into account the size of the manipulator working area, the presence or absence of technological corridors, the coordinates of bucking places, etc. The study was carried out for three typical harvesting machines. Studies were conducted for three typical variants of timber arrangement after harvester operation: along the technological corridor, across the corridor and leaving felling residues on it, across the corridor and leaving felling residues next to it. Interrelations between the technological process of harvester operation and the formation of future conditions of forwarder operation are analytically obtained. The concentration of timber in the harvesting area, the number of sorting groups, the size, remoteness and direction of their stacking relative to the technological corridor are taken into account.

The results of experiments on measuring the height of a micro-profile of a skidding trail laid through areas differing in the bearing capacity of soils are presented. Data is presented on how the micro-profile of the skidding trail changes and how the formation of a rutting is manifested in areas with different bearing capacities in the statistical processing of the profile height coordinates as the number of harvester and forwarder passes increases. The statistical samples made up of the micro-profile heights measured along the skidding trail at points within one meter of each other are analyzed. It is shown that as the number of logging passes increases, the variance of each subsequent sample increases. But with each new series of passes, the intensity of the increase of the variance decreases, while the samples do not follow a normal distribution. It is indicated that the exclusion of the height values of the micro-profile measured at the section passing through the zone of soils with low bearing capacity changes the statistical characteristics of the samples. It was found that the sequence of heights values of the micro-profile obtained only in areas with high load-bearing capacity of soil follows a normal distribution, regardless of the number of logging machines passes, and the variance of data is more related to the heterogeneity of the logging residues covering on the trail rather than the rutting. It is recommended that skidding trails passing through areas with different soil properties should be considered in a separate classification category of transport trails when statistical modeling of the micro-profile of the skidding trail is carried out. In models of movement of logging machines along such trails, it is recommended to take into account that the statistical characteristics of the micro-profile in different parts of the trail differ and change after each transit of a machine.