Vol 28, No 4 (2024)

The study results of the needles pigment composition of 4-year-old seedlings of Mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) are presented. The principle of the only logical difference has been observed, and the basic requirements for setting the experiment have been met. Field-stationary and laboratory methods were implemented to fix the presence of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids in 1-year-old needles. The SF-2000 spectrophotometer with the GRASS GIS 7.6.1 / QGIS 3.4 software was used. 96 % alcohol extracts were used from a homogenized crushed biomaterial sample, the mass of which was determined with an accuracy of 0,001 g on precise analytical scales Acculab VIC-300d3. The pigment concentrations were calculated by the Wettstein and Holm equations. Weak interspecific differences in the content and ratio of plastid pigments have been established with well-marked individual phenotypic differences between specimens of seed origin. According to the content of chlorophyll-a in mountain pine, the highest average (7,38 ± 0,15 mg/g) was 1,29 times higher than the lowest (5,72 ± 0,24 mg/g); in Scots pine. The highest average (7,35 ± 0,54 mg/g) exceeded the lowest (5,53 ± 0,08 mg/g) by 1,25 times. The influence of interspecific and intraspecific differences in the pigment composition of needles on the formation of the general background of the dispersion of its indicators is assessed, and the effects of their interaction are established. The greatest effect of species specificity was recorded in the tested characteristics of the needles pigment composition by the proportion of carotenoids (18,35 ± 1,28 %) and by the ratio of carotenoids to the total amount of chlorophyll (18,08 ± 1,28 %). The nature of the accumulation of pigments in the needles of Scots pine and Mountain pine indicates the commonality of their ecological reactions and the possibility of introducing the latter into artificial plantations in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Using the method of combining the plans of the General Land Survey of 1861 and forest management cartographic materials (Kozykin, 2021), we analyzed the structure and full-scale identification of modern forest plantations formed during natural restoration on sites of different categories of land use within the key site (with an area of more than 56 thousand hectares) of the Kenozersky National Park. It was established that over 160 years there has been a noticeable restructuring of the land fund, the share of agricultural land that is covered with forests has decreased by more than 10 times (63 % of arable land, 98 % of abandoned fields, 80 % of hay meadows). In the formed postagrogenic forests, shamrock and blueberry pine forests predominate, the share of which is more than 88 % on arable land, 72…76 % on hay meadows and abandoned fields, where plots were used more widely and had excessive moisture. Postagrogenic plantings on old arable lands, abandoned fields and hay meadows are mainly represented by IA–II bonitet classes (82…90 %). They usually have complex composition and consist of 3–5 types of regional species in different combinations, with a predominance (48…67 % of former lands) of birch. The greatest variability in the species composition of stands is characteristic of arable land. Full-scale identification of forests on former arable land and abandoned fields showed that the soils of postagrogenic forests retain their inherent effective fertility during the period of active use, which is estimated above the average values for arable soils in the Arkhangelsk region. It is proved that the history of fields and farming traditions have a significant impact on the structure and properties of agrogenically transformed soils that determine the formation of modern forests for at least two centuries.

The article touches upon detection of wintering peat-bog fires. It has been established that reliable detection of peatbog fires in winter can be ensured only by a combination of space-based, aviation and ground-based monitoring. In view the specifics of the spread of peat-bog fires it is advisable to carry out monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with thermal imaging equipment. Detection of peat-bog fires should begin with the study of areal with peat-bog soils affected by ground fires and the establishment of thermal points. Then using of average spatial resolution areas cosmoplots of active division of peat-bog before the start of winter are determined. After detection of smouldering they should be investigated by television cameras. If thermal anomalies are detected during the flights their inspection in situ should be used by special equipment. As a result of the work having been done it became possible to make a decision on a peat-bog fire elimination.

A conceptual model of a comprehensive strategy for landscaping inner-block territory in urban planning is presented. The scheme of the building heights in the block is considered, taking into account the boundaries of the study area in the historical area. City social facilities are indicated (educational institutions, government agencies, places for recreation). A historical retrospective of Koltsovskaya Street development from 1880 to 2023 is analyzed. A map of the urban planning zoning of the urban district of Voronezh city is provided (zone — 1023; 1018; 1016; 1013). A photo analysis of objects in the landscape and urban environment of the study area has been established, taking into account the pedestrian facilities and roadways. It is recommended that the road network of the design site has public transport stops. The profile of Friedrich Engels Street was determined, taking into account the local area and a sidewalk. Recommendations for optimizing green spaces, their structure, and species composition in the courtyards of the historical quarter are outlined.

The analysis results of the continuous inventory of green spaces of public and limited use in the Tverskoy, Koptevo and Khovrino districts of Moscow city are presented. It has been established that the trees and shrubs species composition is quite monotonous. 83,6 % of tree and 73,4 % of shrubs stands are represented by 10 predominant species typical for landscaping. The appearance of green spaces is formed mainly due to the introduced species (56,5 % of trees and 87,3 % of shrubs). Of the species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, Acer japonicum Thunb., Taxus baccata L. and Armeniaca mandshurica (Maxim.) Skvortsov have been noted. The greatest species diversity was observed in residential courtyards, where the number of species is 2 times higher than in streets and parks. The age structure of the plantings is characterized by a predominance of young trees under 20 years old (58,7 %) and middle-aged trees from 21 to 50 years old (33,8 %). As age increases, the condition of plantings deteriorates. The condition of plants in courtyards (condition category varies from 1,17 to 2,80) is similar to the condition of plantings in the streets (condition category 1,18…2,50). In parks, the condition of trees is slightly better where the condition category varies from 1,08 to 2,07. The predominant part of the trees belongs to the group of weakened and severely weakened (55,4 % in Tverskoy district, 72,8 % in Koptevo, 66,7 % in Khovrino). The highest proportion of trees without signs of weakening was noted in the Tverskoy district (43,5 %). In Khovrino and Koptevo only 30,0 % and 23,4 % of plantings were in good condition, respectively. Among the pathologies and damage to trees, the most common are dry branches in the crown (20,0 %), trunk tilt (14,7 %) and the presence two or more trunks (11,0 %). Shrubs are generally characterized by good condition, the most common damage for them are dry branches (8,3 %) and mechanical damage (1,7 %).

The article is devoted to the consideration of possible ways of using wood with "white rot" as a natural product enriched with a carbohydrate component. The results of the study of the process of preliminary delignification and deresining of wood using lignin-destroying fungi or their enzyme systems with the aim of its further use for the production of technical pulps and their refining are presented. Researches on the use of mycologically destroyed wood as a fibrous semi-finished product and ornamental material are given. The possibility of obtaining products from wood with "white rot" by its homogeneous acetylation, carboxymethylation and acid hydrolysis has been studied. This article is the sixth in a series "Wood mycolysis, its products and their use", previous publications in the journal "Lesnoy vestnik / Forestry Bulletin": 2020, vol. 24, no. 2, no. 6; 2021, vol. 25, no. 1, no. 5; 2022, vol. 26, no. 4.

Large-span glued wooden structures for buildings construction are considered. Designed and realized structures of unique buildings and constructions made of large-span glued wooden elements are given. It is established that the use of large-span glued wooden structures allows to create elements of various sizes and shapes to provide overlapping of large spans at low loads on supports, foundations and base soil, to reduce the cost of pavement construction by almost one third in comparison with structures made of metal and reinforced concrete, as well as to guarantee stability in case of fires. The main types of structural solutions of large-span glued wooden structures are analyzed and the technology of their manufacture is given. The possibility of manufacturing of glued materials in factory conditions according to well-developed technologies is shown.

The analysis of the modern methods is carried out and the classification of particular tasks of construction organisation design is given. The understanding of the term ‘reliability’ within the framework of organisational system, particularly in construction production is considered. The analysis of reliability theory is carried out, four approaches to the study of organisational systems reliability are formulated. In each of the approaches the features and disadvantages of their use as a criterion of optimality or in constraints are highlighted. The conclusions about the concept of the organisational system reliability level in solving the problems of designing the main truck haulroads have been drawn.