Vol 27, No 2 (2023)

The paper presents the study results of the atmospheric carbon deposition by the main forest-forming coniferous species, namely European larch and Scots pine, in two forest monitoring sites represented by 100-year-old forest plantations on the territory of the Nikolskaya forest dacha (north-east of the Moscow region) under typical conditions of native fresh blueberry pine forests (B2). It was analyzed that the forest plantations of European larch in terms of the total phytomass of the trunk significantly exceed that of forest plantations of Scots pine, where it turned out to be 34 % less in the latter than in the artificial larch stand; in the total phytomass of the trunk, the proportion of the larch bark fraction was 13,2 %, and in pine cultures — 7,6 %. A clear advantage in carbon deposition of European larch over such a native species as Scots pine was determined, which is actually expressed by a twofold excess in accumulated carbon, which indicates a highly desirable use of European larch as a valuable introduced species for the creation of forest plantations. It has been established that the climatypes of the genus Larix in the geographical plantings of the mixed forest zone, represented by European, Polish and Sukachev’s larch, achieve the maximum silvicultural effect. It is concluded that the deposited carbon correlates with the phytomass of the forest stand, which, in turn, correlates with the stock of stem wood. Knowing the stock of stem wood, to a certain extent one can consider the stock of deposited carbon.

The article presents the resistogram analysis results of the healthy and damaged pine trunks with the systematic resistance error identification to drilling of pine wood when using the resistograph. The influence of the bore drilling channel length on the amount of resistance to drilling of pine wood has been established. It is indicated that when using resistograms as an express method for assessing the quality of wood trunks, it is necessary to adjust its dataset. A method of modeling the effect of the trunk drilling depth on the amount of resistance to wood drilling is proposed. The influence of the bore drilling channel length on the value of the systematic error of the resistance to pine wood drilling was revealed. The systematic error of pine wood drilling resistance depends on the number of the drill bit working cycles. When the number of work cycles is up to 100, the systematic error is up to 20 Resi; from 100 to 200 — from 20 to 60 Resi; more than 200 — from 60 to 200 Resi. When using a drill bit after 100 working cycles, a linear dependence of systematic errors of resistance to pine wood drilling on the length of the bore drilling channel is noted.

The growth of artificial origin stands in the clear-cut areas of the taiga zone is closely related to the development of herbaceous vegetation. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of the species composition and structure of the ground cover of forest plantations at the early stages of formation in the conditions of the middle taiga subzone, as well as to identify the most competitive species in terms of phytocenotic activity. In the course of field studies, the taxonomic composition and ecological and coenotic structure of the living ground cover of experimental pine and spruce crops of the 1st and 2nd age classes were determined, depending on the tillage with plows PLP-135 and PLD-1.2. Species abundance ranges from 32 to 39 species in crops aged 15 years, and from 16 to 36 species in crops aged 23 years. The typological structure of the plant community naturally changes over time. The similarity coefficients for the composition of families in 15-year-old crops vary from 0,48 to 0,89 depending on tillage. Plant communities of forest crops with soil cultivation with the PLP-135 plow and reconstruction of deciduous young growth are the closest to each other in terms of family composition (R = 0,89). Plant communities of the ground cover of forest crops with tillage with the PLD-1.2 plow differ in family composition (0,48…0,58). As a result of phytocenotic analysis, we came to the conclusion that the structure of the ground cover of forest plantations naturally changes over time: the group of highly active species of the ground cover is quite numerous in 15-year-old crops and includes 15 species (33 % of the species composition of the flora). In 23-year-old forest plantations, only four species from the group of highly active plants were identified.

Decorative types and varieties of trees and shrubs have long been widely used in the practice of gardening and landscape construction. Significant enrichment of the range of urban green spaces is possible due to the introduction of introduced plants. The arboretum garden is studying the possibility of growing non-district rocks in specific soil and climate conditions and selecting promising species for gardening, which will create valuable introduced objects. The processes of plant growth and phenological development are analyzed in detail. In this paper, tree and shrub species that grow on the Northern and southern borders of their introduction within the Russian Federation are selected. Observations were made in dendrological gardens in the cities of Arkhangelsk and Sochi. The phenological dates of seasonal development of these species are established and recommendations are given for the use of the studied introduced species in the urban greening system. It is established, for example, that Hungarian lilac grows successfully and bears fruit on the Northern border of introduction and has a winter hardiness score of I, while in subtropical climate this species, although it forms generative organs, has a depressed state. Western thuja in the conditions of Arkhangelsk does not bloom and does not bear fruit, it dies out in severe winters. On the southern border of its introduction, it is widely used in the urban greening system and in topiary art. The correct selection of species on the introduction site will allow you create a highly decorative, aesthetically charming, recreationalattractive, health-improving plantings.

The monitoring data of the sanitary and forest pathology state of the forest resources in the Kaliningrad region are presented. The influence of such main factors on the sanitary and forest pathology state of stands for the period from 2019 to 2021 is considered, namely forest fires, unfavorable weather and soil-climatic conditions, the distribution of pests and diseases foci, as well as anthropogenic and non-pathogenic factors. Their threat to forest plantations is analyzed. The main reasons for the plantations death of the forest fund of the Kaliningrad region are highlighted, they are negative weather and soil-climatic conditions (70 % of the total damaged area) and diseases. The results of the distribution of the forest fund areas for reasons with the established weakening and destruction of plantations, the distribution of pests and diseases foci are presented. The main species of insect pest — typographer bark beetle (Ips typographus) — has been determined. The absence of insects — forest pests, listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation and the Kaliningrad region, and classified as quarantine species — was recorded. The impact of negative factors causing the weakening (drying out) of forest plantations in the Kaliningrad region has been analyzed, it is recommended to conduct forest pathological monitoring, sanitary and recreational activities, perform reclamation work, strengthen control over the timing and quality of forest protection measures, and in particular sanitary cuttings, by the authority executive power of the subject and its subordinate institutions.

Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was used to study the micromorphology of the leaf surface of the wild-growing Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae). The only habitat of wild-growing quince in Russia is the southern part of Dagestan. Mountain forest phytocenoses of Dagestan provide unique grounds for studying the adaptive potential of plants, since growing conditions change not only according to the change of seasons, but also directly depend on the altitude above sea level. The adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) surfaces of the studied samples have a number of micromorphological and microstructural features. The epidermis on the adaxial and abaxial sides differed not only in structural organization, but also in the specifics of surface micromorphology. The most striking feature of the micromorphology of the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf blade surface is cuticular folding in the form of microstrands on the main cells of the epidermis, as well as radial striations, peristomatic rings, and protrusions in the stomata region. Regardless of the habitat of fruit plants, their leaves were hypostomatous with anomocytic stomata of two types (primary and secondary), differing in qualitative and quantitative indicators. The primary stomata had a more prominent cuticular pattern and were also larger than the smaller secondary stomata. It should be noted that the presence of several types of cuticular folding, as well as stomatal polymorphism, are common features of other studied species of the subfamily Pyrinae, early Maloideae (Rosaceae). According to the data obtained, the identified features of cuticular folding are stable within the species and can be used as additional taxonomic characters.

The main patterns of long-term and seasonal dynamics of productivity, leaf area index and evapotranspiration of plant communities on recultivated dumps of the open surface coal mine «Chernogorsky» in the period from 2001 to 2021 according to Terra/MODIS satellite data were revealed. A positive trend in the development of vegetation on the dumps was revealed. Productivity and leaf area index of phytocenoses correlate. Terra/MODIS data underestimate the real phytomass.

The study results on the oil pollution biodegradation at technogenic entities (oil depots) of various climatic zones in Yakutia are presented. All the studied territories are characterized by a perennially frozen rocks, however, various mechanisms of oil pollution biodegradation of the soils in these territories have been established. It is shown that the degradation mechanism of oil pollution depends on climatic conditions, and a temperature is the main factor affecting the activity of soil microflora and its diversity. It has been established the oxidative degradation of oil pol­lution in the temperate zone with a sharply continental climate runs mainly due to biodegradation processes, and in the Arctic zone it is carried out under the influence of physical and chemical environmental factors. In Arctic soils biodegradation of oil pollution occurs by decay. As a result, the soils begin to colonize putrefactive and pathogenic microorganisms. It is recommended to carry out research on the development of effective methods for cleaning Arctic soils from oil pollution.

Formulation and technological solutions aimed at improving the physico-chemical and physico-mechanical characteristics of pine wood construction materials by mineralization of the plant raw materials matrix due to its treatment with an aqueous organomineral suspension based on arabinogalactan and pre-mechanoactivated silica-containing sand have been developed and scientifically substantiated. The natural polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from larch wood can act as a stabilizer of aggregation and sedimentation stability of suspension particles for wood processing. Experimental data on the thermal effect calorimetric measurement of the enthalpy of complexation for a series of experimental samples with different contents of a silica-containing component are presented. The results confirming the high efficiency of arabinogalactan as a surfactant have been obtained. The fact of the formation of a chemical bond during the impregnation of wood samples with an organomineral suspension between organic macromolecules (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose) of vegetable raw materials and silica of the mineral component was found, which contributes to the consolidation of the latter in the structure of the wood matrix. Mineralization of the wood surface with compositions containing arabinogalactan and silica nanoparticles gives an increase in density and hardness, as well as the acquisition of hydrophobic properties and resistance to oxidative degradation. This indicates the possibility of using this composition for petrifying wood. The kinetic description of the complexation process is given, the conditions of stable long-term existence of the complex in an aqueous medium are established. It is shown that the treatment of wood with suspension for 24 hours in a spontaneous mode with a rationally selected composition leads to an increase in the density of vegetable raw materials by 10 %, an increase in strength along the fibers by 80 %, Brinell hardness by 3,4 times. Impregnation of wood samples in autoclave mode with a similar suspension (under an excess pressure of 1,35…1,40 MPa) significantly intensifies the process of mineralization of plant raw materials. Thus, over a time period of 24 hours, the density of wood increases by 70 %, the increase in strength along the fibers was 91 %, Brinell hardness increases by 3,5 times, water absorption decreases by 21 %. It was found that the impregnation of wood with a suspension of the developed organomineral composition does not lead to a change in the geometric dimensions and texture of the samples.

The provision on the implementation of the project to create an innovative educational environment of campuses is presented. Definitions for a campus, college, science and education complex, science and education center were outlined. The criteria for selecting projects for the creation of world-class university campuses are characterized. Data on the best campuses of universities in the world are given. The list of the best Russian university campuses has been analyzed. Functional zones have been identified on the campus of the Moscow State University. The concept of landscape organization of the Voronezh State Forest Engineering University campus territory is recommended. The structure of the campus territory of the Voronezh State Agrarian University is determined. The types of scientific and educational complexes of university campuses of the world and Russia are established by the size of the territory (campus area) and the number of students.