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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Clinical nutrition and metabolism</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Clinical nutrition and metabolism</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническое питание и метаболизм</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2658-4433</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-2974</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">654018</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinutr654018</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CVDKFK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From Smoking to Dependence: The Role of Nicotine Metabolism (Review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>От курения к зависимости: роль метаболизма никотина (обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1379-3171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapkaeva</surname><given-names>Elvira N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капкаева</surname><given-names>Эльвира Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kapkaeva.elia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0197-7721</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6876-7701</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Obukhova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обухова</surname><given-names>Ольга Аркадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>obukhova0404@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-4338</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9423-7155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gameeva</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гамеева</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>gameevaev@fmba.gov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-8645</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7401-7038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Alexandra M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Александра Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>stepanovas@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0679-9178</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5159-5942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merzlyakova</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мерзлякова</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>pavlova-ania@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ankor HR Solutions</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Анкор Кадровые Решения</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской реабилитации и курортологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Center — branch of National Medical Research Center of Radiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт им. П.А. Герцена — филиал Национального медицинского исследовательского центра радиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-08"><day>08</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2658-4433/article/view/654018">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2658-4433/article/view/654018</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The changing landscape of tobacco products dictates a new paradigm in smoking cessation efforts, which makes the understanding of nicotine metabolic aberrations, its neurobiological effects, and its pathophysiological impact on the human body still relevant. For this purpose, an analysis of publications on the topic was conducted using the medical databases eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed, and Medline (for the period 2000–2024). According to the obtained data, nicotine, a tobacco alkaloid, has a high affinity for brain tissues and produces a range of pharmacological effects, including positive psychoactive effects, leading to the development of strong dependence. Treatment of nicotine dependence involves pharmacotherapy, nicotine replacement therapy, and motivational counseling.</p> <p>Nicotine, although it causes dependence, is not the main cause of smoking-related diseases. The main harm to health is caused by tobacco combustion products.</p> <p>Alternative nicotine delivery systems, such as heated tobacco products and certified electronic cigarettes compliant with Russian national standards, may potentially reduce smoking-related harm, as they do not involve combustion. Electronic cigarettes, or vapes, use liquids, including those containing nicotine, whereas heated tobacco products heat actual tobacco without combustion, which significantly reduces the levels of harmful substances emitted compared to cigarette smoke.</p> <p>These devices are gaining popularity and are the subject of active research. Comprehensive studies of all types of nicotine-containing products available on the Russian Federation market, including heated tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems, are currently of high relevance. These studies should aim to evaluate their impact on consumer health in comparison with traditional cigarette smoking, to assess the potential for integrating their results into clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of tobacco-related diseases, and to support the development of up-to-date differentiated regulation in accordance with the actual risk profile of various nicotine-containing products.</p> <p>Considering that modifying smoking-related risk factors remains a highly challenging task, understanding nicotine metabolism, its effects on the human body, and the harm reduction approach implemented through switching from cigarette smoking to alternative nicotine delivery systems may have a positive impact on increasing life expectancy among adult smokers who are not motivated to quit.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изменение ландшафта табачной продукции диктует новую парадигму в борьбе с курением, в связи с чем понимание метаболических аберраций никотина, его нейробиологических эффектов и патофизиологического воздействия на организм остаётся актуальным. С этой целью выполнен анализ публикаций по теме в медицинских базах eLibrary, PubMed, Medline (за период 2000–2024 гг.). На основании полученных данных показано, что никотин, табачный алкалоид, обладает высокой аффинностью к тканям головного мозга и вызывает ряд фармакологических эффектов, в том числе положительное психоактивное действие, формируя сильную зависимость. Лечение никотиновой зависимости осуществляется с помощью фармакологических препаратов, никотинзаместительной терапии и мотивационного консультирования.</p> <p>Никотин, хотя и вызывает зависимость, не является основной причиной заболеваний, связанных с курением. Основной вред организму наносят продукты сгорания табака.</p> <p>Альтернативные источники доставки никотина, такие как системы нагревания табака или сертифицированные и соответствующие ГОСТУ электронные сигареты, потенциально могут уменьшить вред от курения, так как в них отсутствует горение. В электронных сигаретах, или вейпах, используется жидкость, в частности содержащая никотин, тогда как системы нагревания табака нагревают сам табак без горения, что значительно снижает уровень выделяемых вредных веществ по сравнению с дымом сигарет.</p> <p>Данные устройства набирают популярность и активно изучаются. Актуально проведение всесторонних исследований представленных на рынке Российской Федерации всех видов никотинсодержащей продукции (изделия с нагреваемым табаком и электронные системы доставки никотина) для оценки их воздействия на здоровье потребителей по сравнению с курением табака и для изучения потенциала включения результатов этих исследований в клинические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению заболеваний, ассоциированных с табакокурением, и выработки актуального дифференцированного регулирования в соответствии с фактическим профилем риска различных видов никотинсодержащей продукции.</p> <p>Учитывая, что модификация факторов риска, связанных с курением, является трудновыполнимой задачей, понимание метаболизма никотина, его влияния на человека и концепции снижения вреда, реализуемой переключением с курения сигарет на использование альтернативных источников доставки никотина, может положительно влиять на увеличение продолжительности жизни среди совершеннолетних курильщиков, не мотивированных на отказ. Используемые альтернативные источники доставки никотина обладают меньшим повреждающим эффектом, однако их роль в патогенезе различных заболеваний, в том числе развитии злокачественных опухолей, будет понятна спустя десятилетия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nicotine</kwd><kwd>nicotine metabolism</kwd><kwd>smoking</kwd><kwd>nicotine replacement therapy</kwd><kwd>heated tobacco products</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>никотин</kwd><kwd>метаболизм никотина</kwd><kwd>курение</kwd><kwd>никотинзаместительная терапия</kwd><kwd>системы нагревания табака</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Проведение работы и публикация статьи осуществлены на личные средства авторского коллектива</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. 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