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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физическая и реабилитационная медицина, медицинская реабилитация</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2658-6843</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1436</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25811</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36425/rehab25811</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Probiotics, psychobiotics, and metabiotics: problems and prospects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пробиотики, психобиотики и метабиотики: проблемы и перспективы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-1615</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7781-7886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oleskin</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олескин</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.биол.н., профессор</p></bio><email>aoleskin@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3298-6508</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7566-7706</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shenderov</surname><given-names>Shenderov A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шендеров</surname><given-names>Борис Аркадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>shenderof@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Razumovsky Moscow State University for Technology and Management</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления имени К.Г. Разумовского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2020-06-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>233</fpage><lpage>243</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-23"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-05-11"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Oleskin A.V., Shenderov S.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Олескин А.В., Шендеров Б.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oleskin A.V., Shenderov S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Олескин А.В., Шендеров Б.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2658-6843/article/view/25811">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2658-6843/article/view/25811</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A large number of recent works deal with the microbiota of the human organism. Of paramount importance is the microbiota of the gut, especially of its “densely populated” distal part, the colon. In the literature, the gut is considered the largest digestive, immune, and endocrine organ. The functioning of the microbiota involves the production of numerous low molecular weight compounds that represent biochemical effectors, co-factors, or signals. An important role is performed by neurochemicals. In order to ameliorate the human organism’s microbial ecology, various drug preparations, biologically active additives, and functional food products are used. Currently popular preparations include selected strains of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacilli, and other live microorganisms (probiotics) and biologically active substances (metabiotics) that result from the metabolic activities of symbiotic microorganisms. Probiotics include a subgroup denoted as psychobiotics that, when applied in adequate amounts, ameliorate the health of patients with psychiatric problems.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Микробиоте человеческого организма посвящено большое число публикаций последних десятилетий. Особенно важную роль играет микробиота кишечника, в первую очередь его «густонаселенной» микроорганизмами дистальной части (толстой кишки). В литературе кишечник рассматривается как самый большой пищеварительный, иммунный и эндокринный орган. Функционирование микробиоты осуществляется через продукцию множества микробных низкомолекулярных соединений, являющихся эффекторами, кофакторами и/или сигнальными молекулами, причем важную роль играют нейрохимические агенты. Для восстановления и улучшения микробной экологии человека используются различные лекарственные препараты, биологически активные добавки к пище, продукты функционального питания. Наиболее популярны из них те, которые содержат специально подобранные штаммы лактобацилл, бифидобактерий и других живых микроорганизмов (пробиотики), а также биологически активные соединения, связанные с метаболической активностью симбиотических микроорганизмов, — метабиотики. Среди пробиотиков выделяется подгруппа, которая обозначается в литературе как психобиотики — микроорганизмы или их компоненты, которые при введении в адекватных количествах улучшают здоровье пациентов с психиатрическими проблемами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>symbiotic microbiota, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, probiotics, metabiotics, psychobiotics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>симбиотическая микробиота, желудочно-кишечный тракт (ЖКТ), пробиотики, мeтабиотики, психобиотики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Олескин А.В., Шендеров Б.А., Роговский В.С. 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