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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Doklady Chemistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Doklady Chemistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Доклады Российской академии наук. Химия, науки о материалах</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2686-9535</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5111</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">651907</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2686953524030057</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZIGNPT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The structure of humates in aqueous solutions and their biological activity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Структура гуматов в водных растворах и их биологическая активность</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedotov</surname><given-names>G. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федотов</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shoba</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шоба</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding Member of the RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorepekin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горепекин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gracheva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачева</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kachalkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Качалкин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konkina</surname><given-names>U. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конкина</surname><given-names>У. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushkova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушкова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gennadiy.fedotov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Faculty of Soil Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Факультет почвоведения МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms named after G. K. Scriabin, Federal Research Center “Pushchinsky Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимии и физиологии микроорганизмов им. Г.К. Скрябина Федерального исследовательского центра “Пущинский научный центр биологических исследований Российской академии наук”</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>516</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2686-9535/article/view/651907">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2686-9535/article/view/651907</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>When studying humate solutions, it is often not taken into account that humic substances (HS) can form supramolecular formations (SMFs) from molecular particles. These SMFs are highly stable, that is, the particles-molecules of HS do not separate from them spontaneously. It follows that at concentrations of the existence of SMFs, it is they, and not the particles-molecules of HS, that should be in solutions and determine their properties. The purpose of the study is to assess the influence of the form of existence of HS in solutions on their physico-chemical properties and biological activity. Solutions of sodium humate from brown coal were used in the work. The experimental results showed that with an increase in the concentration of humates, an abrupt increase in pH in the range of 30–50 mg l⁻¹ is observed. These concentrations correspond to the literature data on changes in the structure of HC in solutions: at concentrations above 30 mg l⁻¹ – barrier concentration – HS molecules form SMFs by self-assembly. Both molecular particles and SMFs, due to the diphilicity of HS, have the properties of surfactants. That is, in solutions at the interface of the “water–air” phases, HS films form. The strength of the films depends on the size of its constituent particles and the speed of their movement from the thickness to the surface of the solution. When plotting graphs in the coordinates “Film formation time in hours–Log humate concentration, mg l⁻¹”, a jump corresponding to the barrier concentration was detected on the curves. It was also found that during foliar treatment of cucumber shoots with mechanoactivated humate solutions with concentrations below the barrier, the stimulation effect increases, apparently due to the transition from the existence of HS in solution in the form of SMFs to existence in the form of particles-molecules that, due to their small size, can penetrate plant cells.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Известно, что гуминовые вещества (ГВ) формируют из частиц-молекул (первичных частиц ГВ) надмолекулярные образования (НМО). Позже было показано, что существует барьерная концентрация ГВ, ниже которой в растворе гуминовых веществ последние находятся только в виде частиц-молекул, а при концентрации, превышающей барьерную – только в виде НМО. Из этого следует, что свойства растворов ГВ должны определяться тем, в каком виде (частиц-молекул или НМО) находятся в растворах ГВ. Целью исследования была проверка влияния формы существования ГВ в растворах на свойства этих растворов и их биологическую активность. В работе использовали растворы гумата калия из бурого угля. Результаты экспериментов показали, что при увеличении концентрации гуматов рН скачкообразно увеличивается в диапазоне 30−50 мг л⁻¹. Установлено, что при культивировании некоторых видов микроорганизмов в питательных средах, приготовленных на растворах гуматов, микроорганизмы развивались намного активнее при нахождении в питательных средах ГВ в виде частиц-молекул. Также показано, что при фолиарной обработке побегов огурца растворами гуматов с концентрацией ниже барьерной эффект стимуляции возрастал. По-видимому, увеличение стимуляции связано с тем, что частицы-молекулы из-за малого размера могли поглощаться клетками растений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>supramolecular formations of humic substances</kwd><kwd>pH of humate solutions</kwd><kwd>films of humic substances solutions</kwd><kwd>foliar treatment of cucumber shoots</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>надмолекулярные образования гуминовых веществ</kwd><kwd>барьерная концентрация гуминовых веществ</kwd><kwd>рН растворов гуматов</kwd><kwd>пленки растворов гуминовых веществ</kwd><kwd>фолиарная обработка огурцов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд (проект)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation (project)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-14-00107</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Орлов Д.С. 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