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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Doklady Chemistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Doklady Chemistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Доклады Российской академии наук. Химия, науки о материалах</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2686-9535</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5111</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">683266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2686953525010058</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AWFUAA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ ХИМИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ice reinforced with aerogels from nano/microfibrillated cellulose</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Упрочнение льда аэрогелями из нано/микрофибриллярной целлюлозы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Buznik</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бузник</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of the RAS, Institute “Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Академик РАН, НОЦ “Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии”<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>YAS@ich.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Postnova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Постнова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>YAS@ich.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlebnikov</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлебников</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>YAS@ich.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samodurov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самодуров</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute “Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НОЦ “Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии”<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>YAS@ich.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodaev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родаев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute “Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НОЦ “Наноматериалы и нанотехнологии”<italic> </italic></p></bio><email>YAS@ich.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchipunov</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щипунов</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Corresponding Member of the RAS<bold> </bold></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент РАН </p></bio><email>YAS@ich.dvo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.R. Derzhavin Tambov State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тамбовский госуниверситет им. Г. Р. Державина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemistry, Far-East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт химии Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>520</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-07"><day>07</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2686-9535/article/view/683266">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2686-9535/article/view/683266</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The fragility of ice limits its use as construction material, the road and crossings base in winter period in hard-to-reach northern regions. To strengthen it, various dispersed additives are introduced. However, the approaches proposed to date are labor-intensive, dispersions settle and can be poorly wetted. Here we suggest to strength ice using nano/microfibrillar cellulose aerogels. Their advantages over currently used materials include low specific gravity (0.1–0.001 g cm<sup>–3</sup>), large volume (up to 99 vol. %) of interconnected pores, hydrophilicity and biodegradability. The ice nanocomposites were formed in one step by simple impregnation of aerogels with water and subsequent freezing. The volume of the ice matrix included a homogeneous three-dimensional network of intertwined nano/microfibrils. The enhancement of the mechanical strength of ice by aerogels was due to a change in the mechanism of failure from brittle to plastic. Unlike ice, the composites did not undergo a breakdown into pieces after reaching yield stress. The three-dimensional network of nano/microfibrils of cellulose prevented the formation and development of macrocracks, which are associated with the rapid breaking of ice. Destruction occurred through a gradually increasing number of microcracks.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье предложен новый подход для повышения прочности льда, заключающийся в формировании ледяных нанокомпозитов простым замораживанием аэрогелей из нано/микрофибриллярной целлюлозы, предварительно наполненных водой. Предложенное решение позволяет устранить основной недостаток льда – хрупкость, ограничивающую его использование в качестве строительного материала, основы дорог и переправ в зимнее время в труднодоступных северных регионах с продолжительной зимой. В настоящее время укрепление достигается за счет введения различных добавок – опилок, полимеров, бумаги, кремнезема, базальтовых волокон. Однако формирование таких ледяных композитов является трудоемким процессом, так как часто проводится последовательным намораживанием ряда слоев, в которых макродисперсии оседают, плохо смачиваются, что приводит к формированию механически менее прочных гетерогенных структур. Предложенный подход отличается простотой, так как заключается в одностадийном заполнении пор водой в легко смачиваемой гидрофильной аэрогельной матрице, образованной из однородной трехмерной сетки многочисленных нано/микрофибрилл. целлюлозы. Аэрогели характеризуются небольшим удельным весом (0.1–0.001 г см<sup>–3</sup>) и большим объемом (до 99 об. %) взаимосвязанных пор. Установлено, что механические свойства нанокомпозитов на участке упругой деформации определяются льдом. Упрочнение льда аэрогелями обусловлено изменением механизма разрушения от хрупкого к пластичному. В отличие от льда, раскалывание которого на части происходит через хрупкое растрескивание по сформировавшимся макротрещинам, в ледяных нанокомпозитах образуются микротрещины, развитию которых препятствует трехмерная сетчатая структура из нано/микрофибриллярной целлюлозы. Постепенно нарастающее их число приводит к локальным растрескиваниям, а после достижения критического уровня к разрушению материала.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanocellulose</kwd><kwd>aerogel</kwd><kwd>ice</kwd><kwd>nanocomposite</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наноцеллюлоза</kwd><kwd>аэрогель</kwd><kwd>лед</kwd><kwd>нанонанокомпозит</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-19-00577</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-13-00337</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rowley G. // Polar Record. 1938. 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