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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Геоморфология и палеогеография</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2949-1789</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1797</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">660699</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2949178924030018</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PMURUU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Geomorphology and Paleogeography of the Caspian Region (Review Papers)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Геоморфология и палеогеография Каспийского региона (обзорные статьи)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Stratigraphy, chronology and paleogeography of Late Quaternary cryogenesis in Northern Caspian Lowland</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Стратиграфия, хронология и палеогеография криогенных явлений Прикаспийской низменности в позднем плейстоцене</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Taratunina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таратунина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Streletskaya</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрелецкая</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yanina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukyanycheva</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянычева</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khormali</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хормали</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IR">Iran, Islamic Republic of</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbanov</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбанов</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taratuninana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geography of the RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт географии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute of the RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Почвенный институт имени В.В. Докучаева РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Горганский университет сельскохозяйственных наук и природных ресурсов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>55</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-01-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660699">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660699</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents a generalization of the results of field and analytical studies of cryogenic phenomena in the Lower Volga region. For the first time for this territory, pseudomorphs, soil wedges and cryoturbations were described and studied in detail. Their cryogenic genesis was substantiated. In the Lower Volga region, various structures have been identified in loess-soil series, alluvial and marine deposits. The development of cryogenesis in similar environmental conditions, but in different genetic types of sediments, leads to the formation of structures of different shapes, which directly depends on the humidity and composition of the sediments. The processes of ice degradation and accompanying changes in their morphology are of decisive importance in the final appearance of soil structures. Absolute dating of the deposits containing cryogenic structures made it possible to identify the time intervals of their formation. Six stages of cryogenesis in the Late Pleistocene were identified based on the structural features, their stratigraphic position, and the results of laboratory analyzes. Stage I is characterized by the spread of deep seasonal freezing in the region, recorded in coastal marine sediments in MIS 5d. For stages II-III (MIS 5b, MIS 4, respectively), the existence of a perennial permafrost zone is reconstructed, cryogenic forms are recorded in various genetic types of sediments. Stage IV (MIS 3c – MIS 3b) corresponds to the existence of a perennial permafrost zone only for the northern part of the region (Srednyaya Akhtuba and Raygorod sections) and thin sporadic permafrost or deep seasonal freezing for the southern part of the Volga River valley (Chernyy Yar section). Stages V (MIS 3a) and VI (MIS 2) are characterized by the spread of thin sporadic permafrost or deep seasonal freezing. The identified major stages of the development of permafrost in the Caspian Lowland significantly refine the available data on the cryogenic horizons of the East European Plain.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлено обобщение результатов экспедиционных и аналитических исследований криогенных явлений в Нижнем Поволжье. Детально описаны разные виды псевдоморфоз и криотурбации, обоснован их криогенный генезис, выделены различные криогенные структуры в лёссово-почвенных сериях, аллювиальных и лиманно-морских отложениях. Морфология структур указывает на то, что развитие криогенеза в схожих условиях природной среды, но в разных генетических типах отложений приводит к формированию структур разного облика, напрямую зависящего от влажности грунтов и их механического состава. Решающее значение для формирования конечного облика грунтовых структур имеют процессы деградации льда и сопутствующие изменения их морфологии. Абсолютное датирование отложений, вмещающих криогенные структуры, позволило выделить временные интервалы их формирования. На основе учета особенностей строения и формирования криогенных структур, их стратиграфического положения, результатов лабораторных анализов в позднем плейстоцене выделено шесть этапов криогенеза. Этап I характеризовался распространением в регионе глубокого сезонного промерзания, зафиксированного в прибрежно-морских осадках МИС 5d. Для этапов II-III (МИС 5b, МИС 4, соответственно) существование криогенных форм зафиксировано в различных генетических типах осадков. Этап IV (МИС 3с – МИС 3b) отвечает существованию криолитозоны только для северной части района (разрезы Средняя Ахтуба, Райгород) и маломощной островной криолитозоны либо глубокого сезонного промерзания – для южной части долины реки Волги. Этапы V (МИС 3а) и VI (МИС 2) характеризуются распространением маломощной островной мерзлоты либо глубокого сезонного промерзания. Выделенные крупные этапы развития многолетнемерзлых пород в Прикаспийской низменности существенно уточняют имеющиеся данные о криогенных горизонтах Восточно-Европейской равнины. Новые свидетельства существования криогенеза позволяют сдвинуть южнее принятую границу максимального распространения многолетнемерзлых пород в холодные этапы позднего плейстоцена на юге Русской равнины.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>permafrost</kwd><kwd>Lower Volga Region</kwd><kwd>loess</kwd><kwd>cryogenesis</kwd><kwd>coefficient of cryogenic contrast</kwd><kwd>OSL dating</kwd><kwd>paleogeography</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>многолетняя мерзлота</kwd><kwd>Нижнее Поволжье</kwd><kwd>лёсс</kwd><kwd>криогенез</kwd><kwd>коэффициент криогенной контрастности</kwd><kwd>OSL датирование</kwd><kwd>палеогеография</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-77-10077</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20-55-56046</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FMWS-2024-0005</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>121051100135-0</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>121051100164</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astakhov V., Shkatova V., Zastrozhnov A., Chuyko M. 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