Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâGeomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâГеоморфология и палеогеография2949-17892949-1797The Russian Academy of Sciences66070610.31857/S2949178924020036POGZIGLOESS-SOIL SERIES OF NORTHERN EURASIAЛЁССОВО-ПОЧВЕННЫЕ СЕРИИ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИResearch ArticleRock magnetic methods in the study of the loess-soil series of Eastern SiberiaПетромагнитные методы в изучении лёссово-почвенных серий Восточной СибириKazanskyA. Yu.КазанскийА. Ю.
Russian Federation

геологический факультет

kazansky_alex@mail.ruMatasovaG. G.МатасоваГ. Г.
Russian Federation
kazansky_alex@mail.ruShchetnikovA. A.ЩетниковА. А.
Russian Federation
kazansky_alex@mail.ruFilinovI. V.ФилиновИ. А.
Russian Federation
kazansky_alex@mail.ruLomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of GeologyМосковский государственный университет имени М. В. ЛомоносоваGeological Institute RASГеологический институт РАНInstitute of the Earth’s Crust SB RASИнститут земной коры СО РАНVinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RASИнститут геохимии имени А. П. Виноградова, СО РАН10082024552638522022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660706

Rock magnetic methods complement geological and granulometric studies of subaerial deposits, allowing to solve relevant and interesting problems in terms of paleogeography. The magnetic characteristics are numerical and provide a reasonable basis for a correct comparison of subaerial deposits among themselves, for a more detailed stratigraphic dissection of sediments and specifying their genesis, for the identification of marker horizons, and for the correlation of the data of different methods. The paper discusses the main mechanisms of formation of the magnetic properties of loess-soil series in different regions (“Chinese” and “Alaskan”) and peculiarities in the interpretation of rock magnetic parameters within the framework of different mechanisms. The paleoclimatic informativity of rock magnetic parameters in different physical-geographic settings is analyzed. The fundamental differences in the formation of the magnetic properties of the loess-soil series of Siberia (“Siberian” mechanism) are shown and the principles of paleoclimatic interpretation of rock magnetic data on the basis of more than 40 sections of subaerial complexes of southern Western, Preenisei and Eastern Siberia are developed. Based on changes in rock magnetic parameters, the trend of climatic changes during the quaternary period, which consists in the change from the “pedogenic” mechanism to the “Siberian” one and then to the “Alaskan” one, was revealed using the example of subaerial sediments of Eastern Siberia. This difference in mechanisms may serve as a criterion for diagnosing subaerial deposits of Eopleistocene age.

Петромагнитные методы дополняют визуальные геологические и гранулометрические исследования субаэральных комплексов, позволяя решать актуальные и интересные с точки зрения палеогеографии задачи. Магнитные характеристики, выражаемые числом, дают обоснованную базу для корректного сравнения субаэральных отложений между собой, для более детального расчленения осадков и уточнения их генезиса, для выявления маркирующих горизонтов, для корреляционного анализа данных различных методов. В работе обсуждаются основные механизмы формирования магнитных свойств лёссово-почвенных серий в различных регионах (“китайский” и “аляскинский”) и особенности в интерпретации петромагнитных параметров в рамках различных механизмов. Анализируется палеоклиматическая информативность петромагнитных параметров в различных физико-географических обстановках. Показаны различия в формировании магнитных свойств лёссово-почвенных серий Сибири (“сибирский” механизм) и представлены принципы палеоклиматической интерпретации петромагнитных данных на основе исследования более 40 разрезов субаэральных комплексов юга Западной, Средней и Восточной Сибири. На примере разрезов субаэральных отложений Восточной Сибири на основе изменения петромагнитных параметров выявлен тренд климатических изменений в течение квартера, отражающийся в смене “педогенного” механизма на “сибирский” и далее на “аляскинский”. Наличие такого тренда может служить критерием для диагностики субаэральных отложений эоплейстоценового возраста.

subaerial depositsmagnetic propertiesfrequency-dependent magnetic susceptibilitymagnetic grain sizepaleoclimatic interpretationBaikal regionсубаэральные отложениямагнитные свойствачастотно-зависимая магнитная восприимчивостьразмер магнитного зернапалеоклиматическая интерпретацияБайкальский регионРоссийский научный фонд (грант)Russian Science Foundation (grant)23-27-00022Akram H., Yoshida M. (1997). Ultra-fine magnetite/maghemite and their magnetic granulometry in the Late Pleistocene loess-paleosol deposits, Haro River Area, Attock Basin, Pakistan. Proceedeings of Inter-PARMAGS Seminar (1996). Paleomagnetism of Collision Belts, Recent Progress in Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism. № 1. Р. 153—197.Алексеева Н. В. (2005). Эволюция природной среды Западного Забайкалья в позднем кайнозое (по данным фауны мелких млекопитающих). М: ГЕОС. 141 с.Alexeeva N. V., Erbajeva M. A. (2005). Changes in the fossil mammal faunas of Western Transbaikalia during the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary and the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition. Quat. Int. V. 131. № 1. P. 109—115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2004.07.002Базаров Д. Б. (1986). Кайнозой Прибайкалья и Западного Забайкалья. Новосибирск: Наука. 182 с.Alexeeva, N.V. (2005). Evolyutsiya prirodnoi sredy Zapadnogo Zabaikal’ya v pozdnem kainozoe (po dannym fauny melkikh mlekopitayushchikh) [Environmental Evolution of Late Cenozoic of West Transbaikalia (Based on Small Mammal Fauna)]. Moscow: GEOS (Publ.). 14 p. (in Russ.)Базаров Д. Б., Ербаева М. А., Резанов И. Н. (1976). Геология и фауна опорных разрезов антропогена Западного Забайкалья. М.: Наука, 148 с.An Z. S., Kukla G. J., Porter S. C. et al. (1991). Magnetic susceptibility evidence of Monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130 000 years. Quat. Res. V. 36. P. 29—36. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP342.8Волков И. А. (1971). Позднечетвертичная субаэральная формация. М.: Изд-во Наука. 254 с.Banerjee S. K., Hunt C. P., Liu X. M. (1993). Separation of local signals from the regional paleomonsoon record of the Chinese loess plateau: A rock-magnetic approach. Geophys. Res. Lett. № 20. Р. 843—846. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00908Галанин А. А. (2021). Позднечетвертичные песчаные покровы Центральной Якутии (Восточная Сибирь): строение, фациальный состав и палеоэкологическое значение. Криосфера Земли. Т. XXV. № 1. C. 3—34. https://doi.org/10.15372/KZ20210101Bazarov D. B. (1986). Kainozoi Pribaikal’ya i Zapadnogo Zabaikal’ya (Cenozoic of the Baikal Region and Western Transbaikalia). Novosibirsk: Nauka (Publ.). 182 p.Голубцов В. А., Рыжов Ю. В., Кобылкин Д. В. (2017). Почвообразование и осадконакопление в Селенгинском среднегорье в позднеледниковье и голоцене. Иркутск: Изд-во Института географии СО РАН. 139 с.Bazarov D. B., Erbaeva M. A., Rezanov I. N. (1976). Geologiya i fauna opornykh razrezov antropogena Zapadnogo Zabaikal’ya (Geology and fauna of reference sections of the Anthropogenic of Western Transbaikalia). Moscow: Nauka (Publ.). 148 p.Динамика ландшафтных компонентов и внутренних морских бассейнов Северной Евразии за последние 13 000 лет. Атлас-монография. (2002). Под ред. А. А. Величко. М.: ГЕОС. 231 с.Beget J. E., Stone D. B., Hawkins D. B. (1990). Paleoclimatic forcing of magnetic susceptibility variations in Alaskan loess during the late Quaternary. Geology. V. 18. № 1. P. 40—43. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0040: pfomsv>2.3.co;2Гужиков А. Ю., Шкатова В. К. (2016). О внесении изменений в Общую магнитостратиграфическую шкалу полярности четвертичной системы. Постановления Межведомственного стратиграфического комитета и его постоянных комиссий. Вып. 44. СПб: Изд-во ВСЕГЕИ. С. 35—36.Berger A. (1988). Milankovitch theory and climate. Rev. Geophys. V. 26. P. 624—657. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG026i004p00624Ербаев М. А., Щетников А. А., Казанский А. Ю. и др. (2019). Новый опорный разрез плейстоцена Улан-Жагла в Западном Забайкалье. Доклады Академии наук. Т. 488. № . 3. С. 48—52. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869-56524883277-281Bidegain J. C., Evans M. E., van Velzen A. J. (2005). A magnetoclimatological investigation of Pampean loess, Argentina. Geophys. J. Int. V. 160. № 1. Р. 55—62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02431.xЖданова А. И., Казанский А. Ю., Зольников И. Д. и др. (2007). Опыт фациально-генетического расчленения субаэральных отложений Новосибирского Приобья геолого-петромагнитными методами. Геология. Геофизика. Т. 48. № 4. С. 446—459.Bosken J., Obreht I., Zeeden C. et al. (2019). High-resolution paleoclimatic proxy data from the MIS3/2 transition recorded in northeastern Hungarian loess. Quat. Int. V. 502. Part A. P. 95—107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.008Казанский А. Ю., Кравчинский В. А., Зыкина В. С. и др. (1998). Возможности магнитных методов для выявления климатического сигнала в лёссово-почвенных разрезах Сибири. В сб.: Проблемы реконструкции климата и природной среды голоцена и плейстоцена Сибири. Новосибирск: Ин-т археологии и этнографии. С. 191—202.Brookfield M. E. (2011). Aeolian processes and features in cool climates. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. P. 241—258. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP354.16Казанский А. Ю., Матасова Г. Г., Щетников А. А. и др. (2022а). Разрез Китойский мост — новый тип разреза верхнечетвертичных отложений Предбайкалья. В сб.: Геодинамическая эволюция литосферы Центрально-Азиатского подвижного пояса (от океана к континенту). Вып. 20. Иркутск: ИЗК СО РАН. С. 117—118.Chlachula J., Evans M. E., Rutter N. W. (1998). A magnetic investigation of a Late Quaternary loess/palaesol record in Siberia. Geophys. J. Int. V. 132. P. 128—132. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365—246x.1998.00399.xКазанский А. Ю., Матасова Г. Г., Щетников А. А. и др., (2022б). Результаты комплексных исследований опорного разреза Игетей (средний верхний неоплейстоцен, Предбайкалье). В сб.: Геодинамическая эволюция литосферы Центрально-Азиатского подвижного пояса (от океана к континенту). Вып. 20. Иркутск: ИЗК СО РАН. С. 119—122.Chlachula J., Rutter N. W., Evans M. E. (1997). A late Quaternary loess-paleosol record at Kurtak, southern Siberia. Canadian J. of Earth Sci. V. 34. P. 679—686. https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-054Матасова Г. Г., Казанский А. Ю. (2005). Вклад парамагнитных минералов в магнитные свойства лёссово-почвенных отложений Сибири (палеоклиматический аспект). Физика Земли. № 9. С. 81—89.Day R., Fuller M., Schmidt V. A. (1977). Hysteresis properties of titanomagnetites: grain-size and compositional dependence. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. V. 13. P. 260—267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90108-XМатасова Г. Г., Казанский А. Ю., Зыкина В. С. (2003). Наложение “Аляскинской и Китайской моделей записи палеоклимата в магнитных свойствах отложений верхнего и среднего неоплейстоцена на юге Западной Сибири. Геология. Геофизика. Т. 44. № 7. С. 638—651.Dearing J., Liningstone I., Zhou L. P. (1996). A late Quaternary magnetic record of Tunisian loess and its climatic significance. Geophys. Res. Lett. V. 23. № 2. P. 189—192. https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL03132Матасова Г. Г., Казанский А. Ю., Щетников А. А. и др. (2020). Новые петро- и палеомагнитные данные по четвертичным отложениям опорного разреза Тологой (Западное Забайкалье) и их климатическое значение. Физика Земли. № 3. С. 112—133. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0002333720030059Dearing J. A., Dann R. J.L., Hay K. et al. (1996). Frequency-dependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials. Geophys. J. Int. V. 124. P. 228—240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06366.xМатасова Г. Г., Казанский А. Ю., Щетников А. А. и др. (2023). Куйтунская долина — экзодинамический полигон для отработки междисциплинарной методики исследований седиментационных обстановок формирования покровного лёссовидного комплекса в позднем неоплейстоцене Забайкалья. Геодинамика и тектонофизика. Т. 14. № 3. https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2023-14-3-0703Deng C., Zhu R., Verosub K. L. et al. (2004). Mineral magnetic properties of loess/paleosol couplets of the central loess plateau of China over the last 1.2 Myr. J. of Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth. V. 109. Iss. B1. 01103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002532Мац В. Д., Покатилов А. Г., Попова С. М. и др. (1982). Плиоцен и плейстоцен Среднего Байкала. Новосибирск: Наука. 195 с.Ding Z. L., Ranov V., Yang S. L. et al. (2002). The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. V. 200. P. 387—400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00637-4Медведев Г. И., Воробьева Г. А. (1987). Игетей — опорный разрез верхнеплейстоценовых субаэральных отложений и палеолитических культур на юге Восточной Сибири. В сб.: Геология кайнозоя юга Восточной Сибири: тезисы докладов. Иркутск. С. 20—21.Dunlop D. J. (2002). Theory and application of the Day plot (M-rs/M-s versus H-cr/H-c). 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data. J. of Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth. V. 107. Iss. B3. P. 2046—2067. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000487Покатилов А. Г. (2004). Палеонтология и стратиграфия кайнозоя юга Восточной Сибири и сопредельных территорий. Иркутск: Изд-во ИрГТУ, 2004. 275 с.Erbajeva M. A. (1998). Late Pliocene Itansinian faunas in Western Transbaikalia. In: The Dawn of the Quaternary. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowettenschappen TNO. V. 60. P. 417—430.Стратиграфия, палеогеография и археология юга Средней Сибири: К XIII Конгрессу ИНКВА (КНР, 1991) (1990). Под ред. Г. И. Медведева, Н. А. Савельева, В. В. Свинина. Иркутск: Изд-во Иркутск. ун-та. 165 с.Erbajeva M. A., Alexeeva N. V. (2000). Pliocene and Pleistocene biostratigraphic succession of Transbaikalia with emphasis on small mammals. Quat. Int. V. 68—71. P. 67—75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00033-1Akram H., Yoshida M. (1997). Ultra-fine magnetite/maghemite and their magnetic granulometry in the Late Pleistocene loess-paleosol deposits, Haro River Area, Attock Basin, Pakistan. Proceedeings of Inter-PARMAGS Seminar (1996) “Paleomagnetism of Collision Belts, Recent Progress in Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism”. № 1. Р. 153—197.Erbajeva M. A., Shchetnikov A. A., Kazansky A. Y. et al. (2019). The New Pleistocene Ulan-Zhalga Key Section in Western Transbaikalia. Doklady Earth Sci. V. 488. № 3. P. 1035—1038. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X1909023XAlexeeva N. V., Erbajeva M. A. (2005). Changes in the fossil mammal faunas of Western Transbaikalia during the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary and the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition. Quat. Int. V. 131. № 1. P. 109—115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2004.07.002.Evans M. E., Heller F. (2003). Environmental Magnetism. New York: Academic Press. 299 p.An Z. S., Kukla G. J., Porter S. C. et al. (1991). Magnetic susceptibility evidence of Monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130000 years. Quat. Res. V. 36. P. 29—36. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP342.8Evans T. E., Heller F. (1994). Magnetic enhancement and palaeoclimate: study of a loess/paleosol couplet across the Loess Plateau of China. Geophys. J. Int. V. 117. P. 257—264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb03316.xBanerjee S. K., Hunt C. P., Liu X. M. (1993). Separation of local signals from the regional paleomonsoon record of the Chinese loess plateau: A rock-magnetic approach. Geophys. Res. Lett. № 20. Р. 843—846. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00908Feng Z.-D., Wang H. B., Olson C. et al. (2004). Chronological discord between the last interglacial paleosol (S1) and its parent material in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quat. Int. V. 117. № 1. P. 17—26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00112-5Beget J. E., Stone D. B., Hawkins D. B. (1990). Paleoclimatic forcing of magnetic susceptibility variations in Alaskan loess during the late Quaternary. Geology. V. 18. № 1. P. 40—43. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0040: pfomsv>2.3.co;2Forster Th., Heller F., Evans M. E. et al. (1996). Loess in the Czech Republic: magnetic properties and paleoclimate. Stud. Geophys. Geod. V. 40. P. 243—261. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300741Berger A. (1988). Milankovitch theory and climate. Rev. Geophys. V. 26. P. 624—657. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG026i004p00624Galanin A. A. Late Quaternary sand covers of Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) structure, facies and paleoenvironment significance. Earth’s Cryosphere. Iss. XXV. № 1. P. 3—34. (in Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15372/KZ20210101Bidegain J. C., Evans M. E., van Velzen A. J. (2005). A magnetoclimatological investigation of Pampean loess, Argentina. Geophys. J. Int. V. 160. № 1. Р. 55—62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02431.xGolubtsov V. A., Ryzhov Yu.V., Kobylkin D. V. (2017). Pochvoobrazovanie i osadkonakoplenie v Selenginskom srednegor’e v pozdnelednikov’e i golotsene (Late Glacial and Holocene Soil Formation and Sedimentation in the Selenga Middle Mountains). Irkutsk: Institute of Geography SB RAS (Publ.). 139 p. (in Russ.)Bosken J., Obreht I., Zeeden C. et al. (2019). High-resolution paleoclimatic proxy data from the MIS3/2 transition recorded in northeastern Hungarian loess. Quat. Int. V. 502. Part A. P. 95—107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.008Guzhikov A. Yu., Shkatova V. K. (2016). On Amendments to the General Magnetostratigraphic Polarity Scale of the Quaternary System. In: Postanovleniya Mezhvedomstvennogo stratigraficheskogo komiteta i ego postoyannykh komissii. V. 44. SPb.: VSEGEI (Publ.). P. 35—36. (in Russ.)Brookfield M. E. (2011). Aeolian processes and features in cool climates. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. P. 241—258. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP354.16Hao Q., Guo Z. (2005). Spatial variations of magnetic susceptibility of Chinese loess for the last 600 kyr: Implications for monsoon evolution. J. Geophys. Res. V. 110. B12101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003765.Chlachula J., Evans M. E., Rutter N. W. (1998). A magnetic investigation of a Late Quaternary loess/palaesol record in Siberia. Geophys. J. Int. V. 132. P. 128—132. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00399.xHayward R. K., Lowell T. V. (1993). Variations in loess accumulation rates in the mid-continent, United States, as reflected by magnetic susceptibility. Geology. V. 21. P. 821—824. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0821: VILARI>2.3.CO;2Chlachula J., Rutter N.W., Evans M. E. (1997). A late Quaternary loess-paleosol record at Kurtak, southern Siberia. Canadian J. of Earth Sci. V. 34. P. 679—686. https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-054Heller F., Liu T. (1984). Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits. Geophys. J. Int. V. 77. № 1. P. 125—141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1984.tb01928.xDay R., Fuller M., Schmidt V. A. (1977). Hysteresis properties of titanomagnetites: grain-size and compositional dependence. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. V. 13. P. 260—267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90108-XHunt C. P., Banerjee S. K., Han J. et al. (1995). Rock-magnetic proxies of climate change in the loess-palaeosol sequences of the western Loess Plateau of China. Geophys. J. Int. V. 123. P. 232—244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06672.xDearing J., Liningstone I., Zhou L. P. (1996). A late Quaternary magnetic record of Tunisian loess and its climatic significance. Geophys. Res. Lett. V. 23. № 2. P. 189—192. https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL03132Hus J. J., Han J. (1992). The contribution of loess magnetism to the retrieval of past global changes — some problem. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. V. 70. № 3—4. P. 154—168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(92)90178-XDearing J. A., Dann R. J.L., Hay K. et al. (1996). Frequencydependent susceptibility measurements of environmental materials. Geophys. J. Int. V. 124. P. 228—240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06366.xIvanova V. V., Erbajeva M. A., Shchetnikov A. A. et al. (2019). Tologoi key section: A unique archive for Pliocene-Pleistocene paleoenvironment dynamics of transbaikalia, bikal rift zone. Quat. Int. V. 519. № 10. P. 58—73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.004Deng C., Zhu R., Verosub K. L. et al. (2004). Mineral magnetic properties of loess/paleosol couplets of the central loess plateau of China over the last 1.2 Myr. J. of Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth. V. 109. Iss. B1. 01103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002532Jie Chen J., Stevens T., Yang T. et al. (2021). Revisiting Late Pleistocene Loess – Paleosol Sequences in the Azov Sea Region of Russia: Chronostratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Record. Front. Earth Sci. V. 9. 808157. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.808157Ding Z. L., Ranov V., Yang S. L. et al. (2002). The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. V. 200. P. 387—400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00637-4Kazansky A. Yu., Kravchinsky V. A., Zykina V. S. et al. (1998). Possibilities of magnetic methods for revealing the climatic signal in loess-soil sections of Siberia. In: Problemy rekonstruktsii klimata i prirodnoi sredy golotsena i pleistotsena Sibiri. Novosibirsk: Imstitut arheologii i etnografii (Publ.). P. 191—202. (in Russ.).Dunlop D. J. (2002). Theory and application of the Day plot (M-rs/M-s versus H-cr/H-c). 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data. J. of Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth. V. 107. Iss. B3. P. 2046—2067. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000487Kazansky A. Y., Shchetnikov A. A., Matasova G. G. et al. (2022). Palaeomagnetic data from the late Cenozoic Tagay section (Olkhon island, Baikal region, Eastern Siberia). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. V. 102. № 4. P. 943—967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-022-00559-7Erbajeva M. A. (1998). Late Pliocene Itansinian faunas in Western Transbaikalia. In: The Dawn of the Quaternary. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowettenschappen TNO. V. 60. P. 417—430.Kazansky A. Yu., Matasova G. G., Shchetnikov A. A. et al. (2022a). The Kitoysky most section is a new type of the Upper Quaternary deposits of Predbaikalia. In: Geodinamicheskaya evolyutsiya litosfery Tsentral’no-Aziatskogo podvizhnogo poyasa (ot okeana k kontinentu). V. 20. Irkutsk: IZK SB RAS (Publ.). P. 117—119 (in Russ).Erbajeva M. A., Alexeeva N. V. (2000). Pliocene and Pleistocene biostratigraphic succession of Transbaikalia with emphasis on small mammals. Quat. Int. V. 68—71. P. 67—75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00033-1Kazansky A. Yu., Matasova G. G., Shchetnikov A. A. et al. (2022b). Results of comprehensive studies of the Igetei reference section (Middle Upper Neopleistocene, Predbaikalia). In: Geodinamicheskaya evolyutsiya litosfery Tsentral’no-Aziatskogo podvizhnogo poyasa (ot okeana k kontinentu). V. 20. Irkutsk: IZK SB RAS Irkutsk (Publ.). P. 119—122. (in Russ).Evans M. E., Heller F. (2003). Environmental Magnetism. New York: Academic Press. 299 p.Költringer C., Stevens T., Bradák B. et al. (2021). Enviromagnetic study of Late Quaternary environmental evolution in Lower Volga loess sequences, Russia. Quat. Res. V. 103. P. 49—73. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.73Evans T. E., Heller F. (1994). Magnetic enhancement and palaeoclimate: study of a loess/paleosol couplet across the Loess Plateau of China. Geophys. J. Int. V. 117. P. 257—264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb03316.xKukla G., Heller F., Liu X. M. et al. (1988). Pleistocene climates in China dated by magnetic susceptibility. Geology. V. 16. P. 811—814. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0811: PCICDB>2.3.CO;2Feng Z.-D., Wang H. B., Olson C. et al. (2004). Chronological discord between the last interglacial paleosol (S1) and its parent material in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quat. Int. V. 117. № 1. P. 17—26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00112-5Laag C., Hambach U., Zeeden C. et al. (2021). A Detailed Paleoclimate Proxy Record for the Middle Danube Basin Over the Last 430 kyr: A Rock Magnetic and Colorimetric Study of the Zemun Loess-Paleosol Sequence. Front. Earth Sci. V. 9. 9:600086. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.600086Forster Th., Heller F., Evans M. E. et al. (1996). Loess in the Czech Republic: magnetic properties and paleoclimate. Stud. Geophys. Geod. V. 40. P. 243—261. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300741Lisiecki L. E., Raymo M. E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography. V. 50. № 1. PA1003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001071Hao Q., Guo Z. (2005). Spatial variations of magnetic susceptibility of Chinese loess for the last 600 kyr: Implications for monsoon evolution. J. Geophys. Res. V. 110. B12101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003765.Liu X. M., Shaw J., Liu T. S. et al. (1992) Magnetic mineralogy of Chinese loess and its significance. Geophys. J. Int. V. 108. P. 301—308.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00859.xHayward R. K., Lowell T. V. (1993). Variations in loess accumulation rates in the mid-continent, United States, as reflected by magnetic susceptibility. Geology. V. 21. P. 821—824. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0821: VILARI>2.3.CO;2Liu X. M., Shaw J., Liu T. S. et al. (1993). Magnetic susceptibility of the Chinese loess-paleosol sequence: environmental change and pedogenesis. J. Geol. Soc. V. 150. P. 583—588. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.3.0583Heller F., & Liu T. (1984). Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits. Geophys. J. Int. V. 77. № 1. P. 125—141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1984.tb01928.xMaher B. A., Taylor R. M. (1988). Formation of ultrafine-grained magnetite in soil. Nature. V. 336. P. 368—370. https://doi.org/10.1038/336368a0Hunt C. P., Banerjee S. K., Han J. et al. (1995). Rock-magnetic proxies of climate change in the loess-palaeosol sequences of the western Loess Plateau of China. Geophys. J. Int. V. 123. P. 232—244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06672.xMaher B. A., Thompson R. (1991). Mineral magnetic record of the Chinese loess and palaeosols. Geology. V. 19. P. 3—6. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0003: MMROTC>2.3.CO;2Hus J. J., Han J. (1992). The contribution of loess magnetism to the retrieval of past global changes — some problem. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. V. 70. № 3—4. P. 154—168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(92)90178-XMaher B. A. (2011). The Magnetic Properties of Quaternary Aeolian Dusts and Sediments, and Their Palaeoclimatic Significance. Aeolian Res. V. 3. P. 87—144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.01.005Ivanova V. V., Erbajeva M. A., Shchetnikov A. A. et al. (2019). Tologoi key section: A unique archive for Pliocene-Pleistocene paleoenvironment dynamics of transbaikalia, bikal rift zone. Quat. Int. V. 519. № 10. P. 58—73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.004Martinson D. G., Pisias N. G., Hays J. D. et al. (1987). Age dating and the orbital theory of the Ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quat. Int. V. 27. P. 1—29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90046-9 Berger, 1988;Jie Chen J., Stevens T., Yang T. et al. (2021) Revisiting Late Pleistocene Loess–Paleosol Sequences in the Azov Sea Region of Russia: Chronostratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Record. Front. Earth Sci. V. 9. 808157. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.808157Matasova G., Petrovsky E., Jordanova N. et al. (2001). Magnetic study of Late Pleistocene loess/palaeosol sections from Siberia: palaeoenvironmental implications. Geophys. J. Int. V. 147. № 2. P. 367—380. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540X.2001.01544.xKazansky A. Y., Shchetnikov A. A., Matasova G. G. et al. (2022). Palaeomagnetic data from the late Cenozoic Tagay section (Olkhon island, Baikal region, Eastern Siberia). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. V. 102. № 4. P. 943—967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-022-00559-7Matasova G. G., Kazansky A. Yu, Zykina V. S. (2003). Superposition of Alaskan and Chinese models of paleoclimate records in magnetic properties of Upper and Middle Neopleistocene deposits in southern West Siberia. Russian Geology and Geophysics. V. 44. № 7. P. 607—619Költringer C., Stevens T., Bradák B. et al. (2021). Enviromagnetic study of Late Quaternary environmental evolution in Lower Volga loess sequences, Russia. Quat. Res. V. 103. P. 49—73. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.73Matasova G. G., Kazansky A. Yu. (2004). Magnetic properties and magnetic fabrics of Pleistocene loess/palaeosol deposits along west-central Siberian transect and their palaeoclimatic implications. In: Magnetic Fabric: Methods and Applications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. V. 238. P. 145—173. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.238.01.11Kukla G., Heller F., Liu X. M., et al. (1988). Pleistocene climates in China dated by magnetic susceptibility. Geology. V. 16. P. 811—814. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0811: PCICDB>2.3.CO;2Matasova G. G., Kazansky A. Yu. (2005). Contribution of paramagnetic minerals to magnetic properties of loess-soil deposits in Siberia and its paleoclimatic implications. Physics of the Solid Earth. V. 41. № 9. P. 758—766.Laag C., Hambach U., Zeeden C. et al. (2021). A Detailed Paleoclimate Proxy Record for the Middle Danube Basin Over the Last 430 kyr: A Rock Magnetic and Colorimetric Study of the Zemun Loess-Paleosol Sequence. Front. Earth Sci. V. 9. 9: 600086. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.600086Matasova G. G., Kazansky A. Y., Shchetnikov A. A. et al. (2020). New rock- and paleomagnetic data on quaternary deposits of the Tologoi key section, western Transbaikalia, and their paleoclimatic implications. Physics of the Solid Earth. V. 56. № 3. P. 392—412. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1069351320030052Lisiecki L. E., Raymo M. E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography. V. 50. № 1. PA1003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001071Matasova G. G., Kazansky A. Yu., Shchetnikov A. A. et al. (2023). The Kuytun Valley as an Exogeodynamic Test Site for the Application of Methodology for Interdisciolinary Research in the Sedimentation Settings of Loess-like Cover Deposits in the Late Pleistocene Transbaikalia. Geodynamics and Tectonophysics. V. 14 № 3. Article 0303. https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2023-14-3-0703 (in Russ.)Liu X. M., Shaw J., Liu T. S. et al. (1992). Magnetic mineralogy of Chinese loess and its significance. Geophys. J. Int. V. 108. P. 301—308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00859.xMats V. D., Pokatilov A. G., Popova S. M. et al. (1982). Pliocen i pleistocen Srednego Baikala (Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Middle Baikal). Novosibirsk: Nauka (Publ.). 195 p. (in Russ.).Liu X. M., Shaw J., Liu T. S. et al. (1993). Magnetic susceptibility of the Chinese loess-paleosol sequence: environmental change and pedogenesis. J. Geol. Soc. V. 150. P. 583—588. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.3.0583Medvedev G. I., Vorob’eva G.A. (1987). Igetei, a reference section of Upper Pleistocene subaerial deposits and Paleolithic cultures in southern Eastern Siberia. In: Geologiya kainozoya yuga Vostochnoi Sibiri. Irkutsk: Irkutsk Universitet (Publ.). P. 20—21. (in Russ.)Maher B. A., Taylor R. M. (1988). Formation of ultrafine-grained magnetite in soil. Nature. V. 336. P. 368—370. https://doi.org/10.1038/336368a0Medvedev G. I., Saveliev N. A., Svinin V. V. (Eds.). (1990). Stratigrafiya, paleogeografiya i arkheologiya yuga Srednei Sibiri: K XIII Kongressu INKVA (KNR, 1991) [Stratigraphy, Paleogeography, and Archaeology in the South of Middle Siberia: Toward the XIIIth Congress of the INKVA (PRC, 1991)]. Irkutsk: Irkutsk Universitet (Publ.) 165 p. (in Russ.)Maher B. A., Thompson R. (1991). Mineral magnetic record of the Chinese loess and palaeosols. Geology. V. 19. P. 3—6. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0003: MMROTC>2.3.CO;2Meng X., Derbyshire E., Kemp R. A. (1997). Origin of the magnetic susceptibility signal in Chinese loess. Quat. Sci. Rev. V. 16. P. 833—839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00053-XMaher B. A. (2011). The Magnetic Properties of Quaternary Aeolian Dusts and Sediments, and Their Palaeoclimatic Significance. Aeolian Res. V. 3. P. 87—144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.01.005Milanković M. (1930). Mathematische Klimalehre und astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen. In: Handbuch der Klimatologie. Bd. 1. Berlin: Borntraeger. S. 176.Martinson D. G., Pisias N. G., Hays J. D. et al. (1987). Age dating and the orbital theory of the Ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quat. Int. V. 27. P. 1—29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90046-9 Berger, 1988.Nawrocki J. (1992). Magnetic Susceptibility of Polish loesses and loess-like sediments. Geol. Zb. Geol. Carpathica. V. 43. P. 179—180.Matasova G., Petrovsky E., Jordanova N. et al. (2001). Magnetic study of Late Pleistocene loess/palaeosol sections from Siberia: palaeoenvironmental implications. Geophys. J. Int. V. 147. № 2. P. 367—380. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540X.2001.01544.xNawrocki J., Wojcik A., Bogucki A. (1996). The magnetic susceptibility record in the Polish and western Ukrainian loess-palaeosol sequences conditioned by palaeoclimate. Boreas. V. 25. № 3. P. 161—169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1996.tb00845.xMatasova G. G., Kazansky A. Yu. (2004). Magnetic properties and magnetic fabrics of Pleistocene loess/palaeosol deposits along west-central Siberian transect and their palaeoclimatic implications. In: Magnetic Fabric: Methods and Applications. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. V. 238. P. 145—173. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.238.01.11Necula C., Dimofte D., Panaiotu C. (2015). Rock magnetism of a loess-palaeosol sequence from the western Black Sea shore (Romania). Geophys. J. Int. V. 202. № 3. P. 1733—1748. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv250)Meng X., Derbyshire E., Kemp R. A. (1997). Origin of the magnetic susceptibility signal in Chinese loess. Quat. Sci. Rev. V. 16. P. 833—839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00053-XPokatilov A. G. (2004). Paleontologiya i stratigrafiya kainozoya yuga Vostochnoi Sibiri i sopredel’nykh territorii (Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Cenozoic of the south of East Siberia and adyacent territories). Irkutsk: IrGTU (Publ.). 275p. (in Russ.)Milanković M. (1930). Mathematische Klimalehre und astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen. In: Handbuch der Klimatologie. Bd. 1. Berlin: Borntraeger. S. 176.Rolph T. C., Shaw J., Derbyshire E. et al. (1989). A detailed geomagnetic record from Chinese loess. Phys. Earth. Planet. Int. V. 56. P. 151—164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90044-7Nawrocki J. (1992). Magnetic Susceptibility of Polish loesses and loess-like sediments. Geol. Zb. Geol. Carpathica. V. 43. P. 179—180.Schellenberger A., Heller F., Veit H. (2003). Magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility of the Las Carreras loess–paleosol sequence in Valle de Tafı́, Tucumán, NW-Argentina. Quat. Int. V. 106—107. P. 159—167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00170-2Nawrocki J., Wojcik A., Bogucki A. (1996). The magnetic susceptibility record in the Polish and western Ukrainian loess-palaeosol sequences conditioned by palaeoclimate. Boreas. V. 25. № 3. P. 161—169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1996.tb00845.xShackleton N. J., Berger A., Peltier W. R. (1990). An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP site 677. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Science. V. 81. P. 251—261. https://doi.org/10.1017/s026359330002078Necula C., Dimofte D., Panaiotu C. (2015). Rock magnetism of a loess-palaeosol sequence from the western Black Sea shore (Romania). Geophys. J. Int. V. 202. № 3. P. 1733—1748. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv250Sun J., Liu T. (2000). Multiple origins and interpretations of the magnetic susceptibility signal in Chinese wind-blown sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. V. 180. P. 287—296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00175-8Rolph T. C., Shaw J., Derbyshire E. et al. (1989). A detailed geomagnetic record from Chinese loess. Phys. Earth. Planet. Int. V. 56. P. 151—164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90044-7Sun J. M., Kohfeld K. E., Harrison S. P. (2000). Records of aeolian dust deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the Late Quaternary. Jena, Germany: Max-Planck — Institute for Biogeochemistry. 318 p.Schellenberger A., Heller F., Veit H. (2003). Magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility of the Las Carreras loess–paleosol sequence in Valle de Tafı́, Tucumán, NW-Argentina. Quat. Int. V. 106—107. P. 159—167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00170-2Taylor S. N., Lagroix F. (2014). Mineral magnetic analysis of the Upper Pleniglacial loess-palaeosol deposits from Nussloch (Germany): An insight into local environmental processes. Geophys. J. Int. V. 199. Р. 1463—1480.Shackleton N. J., Berger A., Peltier W. R. (1990). An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP site 677. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Science. V. 81. P. 251—261. https://doi.org/10.1017/s026359330002078Velichko A. F. (Ed.) (2002). Dinamika landshaftnykh komponentov i vnutrennikh morskikh basseinov Severnoi Evrazii za poslednie 13 000 let. Atlas-monografiya (Dynamics of landscape components and inland marine basins of Northern Eurasia over the past 13,000 years. Atlas-Monograph). Moscow: GEOS (Publ.). 231 p.Sun J. M., Kohfeld K. E., Harrison S. P. (2000). Records of aeolian dust deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the Late Quaternary. Jena, Germany: Max-Planck — Institute for Biogeochemistry. 318 p.Vidic N. J., TenPas J.D., Verosub K. L. et al. (2000). Separation of pedogenic and lithogenic components of magnetic susceptibility in the Chinese loess/palaeosol sequence as determined by the CBD procedure and a mixing analysis. Geophys. J. Int. V. 142. P. 551—562. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00178.x.Sun J., Liu T. (2000). Multiple origins and interpretations of the magnetic susceptibility signal in Chinese wind-blown sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. V. 180. P. 287—296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00175-8Vlag P. A., Oches E. A., Banerjee S. K. et al. (1999). The paleoenvironmental-magnetic record of the Gold Hill Steps loess section in central Alaska. Phys. Chem. Earth. V. 24. № 9. P. 779—783. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(99)00114-3Taylor S. N., Lagroix F. (2014). Mineral magnetic analysis of the Upper Pleniglacial loess-palaeosol deposits from Nussloch (Germany): An insight into local environmental processes. Geophys. J. Int. V. 199. Р. 1463—1480.Vlaminck S., Kehl M., Rolf C. et al. (2018). Late Pleistocene dust dynamics and pedogenesis in Southern Eurasia — Detailed insights from the loess profile Toshan (NE Iran). Quat. Sci. Rev. V. 180. № 15. P. 75—95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.010Vidic N. J., TenPas J.D., Verosub K. L. et al. (2000). Separation of pedogenic and lithogenic components of magnetic susceptibility in the Chinese loess/palaeosol sequence as determined by the CBD procedure and a mixing analysis. Geophys. J. Int. V. 142. P. 551—562. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00178.x.Volkov. I.A. (1971). Pozdnechetvertichnaya subaeral’naya formatsiya (Late Quaternary Subaerial Formation). Mоscow: Nauka (Publ.). 254 p. (in Russ.)Vlag P. A., Oches E. A., Banerjee S. K. et al. (1999). The paleoenvironmental — magnetic record of the Gold Hill Steps loess section in central Alaska. Phys. Chem. Earth. V. 24. № 9. P. 779—783. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(99)00114-3Zhdanova A. I., Kazansky A. Yu., Zol’nikov I.D. et al. (2007). Application of geological and petromagnetic methods to facies-genetic division of subaerial deposits in the Ob’ region near Novosibirsk (Ogurtsovo key section). Russian Geology and Geophysics. V. 48. № 4. P. 349—360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2007.03.003Vlaminck S., Kehl M., Rolf C. et al. (2018). Late Pleistocene dust dynamics and pedogenesis in Southern Eurasia — Detailed insights from the loess profile Toshan (NE Iran). Quat. Sci. Rev. V. 180. № 15. P. 75—95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.010Zhu R. X., Matasova G., Kazansky A. et al. (2003). Rock magnetic record of the last glacial-interglacial cycle from the Kurtak loess section, southern Siberia. Geophys. J. Int. V. 152. № 2. P. 335—343. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01829.xZhu R. X., Matasova G., Kazansky A., et al. (2003). Rock magnetic record of the last glacial-interglacial cycle from the Kurtak loess section, southern Siberia. Geophys. J. Int. V. 152. № 2. P. 335—343. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01829.xZhu Rixiang, Kazansky A., Matasova G. et al. (2000). Rock-magnetic investigation of Siberia loess and its implication. Chin. Sci. Bull. V. 45. № 23. P. 2192—2197. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02886328