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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Геоморфология и палеогеография</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2949-1789</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1797</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">660710</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2949178924010098</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IITVAG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PALEOGEOGRAPHY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Chronology and main stages of vegetation development in the central region of the East European Plain during the Mikulino interglacial</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хронология и основные этапы развития растительности в центральном регионе восточно-европейской равнины в микулинское межледниковье</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>F. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Ф. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savelieva</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савельева</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomenko</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фоменко</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyuganova</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зюганова</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boltramovich</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болтрамович</surname><given-names>С. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maksimov-fedor@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Komarov Botanical Institute of the RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ботанический институт им. В.Л. Комарова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geography RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт географии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А.И. Герцена</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>55</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>147</fpage><lpage>174</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-06-19"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660710">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660710</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The chronology of the Mikulino Interglacial and its individual phases have been the subject of discussion. The goal of this study was to evaluate the time limits of the main stages of the Mikulino Interglacial on the Russian Plain according to <sup>²³⁰</sup>Th/U dating and paleobotanical studies of lake and peat sediments from the known sections located within the Tver region on the Bolshaya Dubenka River, Malaya Kosha River, Granichnaya River, and Sizhina River (“Kileshino-2” section). An improved geochronological approach has been applied to identify layers suitable for the <sup>²³⁰</sup>Th/U isochronous approximation. In combination with pollen and carpological studies of the deposits, this made it possible to date units corresponding to relatively narrow time intervals in the development of plant formations at different stages of the Last Interglacial. New paleobotanical studies of buried lake and peat sediments from the sections located on the Bolshaya Dubenka River, Malaya Kosha River, and Granichnaya River allowed us to restore the vegetation development during the Mikulino Interglacial in the interval of pollen zones M1–M7, i.e., more pollen zones have been analyzed and in greater detail than in 1960–1970. A chronological scheme of the main stages of vegetation development in the Mikulino Interglacial is proposed based on the results of <sup>²³⁰</sup>Th/U dating and paleobotanical studies of organic-rich deposits from the Tver region sections in combination with previously published data obtained for the “Nizhnyaya Boyarshchina” section from the Smolensk region. The Mikulino Interglacial had begun about 130–126 kyr ago. Its first phase, corresponding to the M2 zone, ended ca. 118 kyr ago. The pre-optimal stages of vegetation development (M3 and M4 zones) fit into the time range of ca. 118–112 kyr ago. The climatic optimum of the interglacial (M5 and M6 zones) began ca. 112 kyr ago and ended ca. 100 kyr ago. The duration of the Mikulino Interglacial was probably at least 25 thousand years.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Хронология микулинского межледниковья и его отдельных фаз являются предметом дискуссии. Цель настоящего исследования состояла в установлении временных параметров основных этапов микулинского межледниковья на Русской равнине по данным 230Th/U-датирования и палеоботанического изучения озерно-болотных отложений в известных разрезах Тверской области на реках Бол. Дубенка, Мал. Коша, Граничная и Сижина (“Килешино-2”). Применен усовершенствованный геохронологический подход, который позволил выявлять слои, пригодные для 230Th/U-изохронного приближения. В сочетании с палинологическим и карпологическим изучением это дало возможность датировать слои, соответствующие относительно узким временным интервалам развития растительных формаций на разных этапах последнего межледниковья. Новые палеоботанические исследования погребенных озерно-болотных отложений из разрезов на реках Бол. Дубенка, Мал. Коша и Граничная позволили восстановить развитие растительности микулинского межледниковья в интервале пыльцевых зон М1–М7, т.е. в большем объеме и детальнее, чем в 1960–1970 гг. По результатам ²³⁰Th/U-датирования и палеоботанического исследования отложений разрезов Тверской области в совокупности с ранее опубликованными данными по разрезу “Нижняя Боярщина” Смоленской области предложена хронологическая схема основных этапов развития растительности в микулинское межледниковье. Началось оно примерно 130–126 тыс. л. н. Его первая фаза, соответствующая зоне М2, закончилась ~118 тыс. л. н. Предоптимальные стадии развития растительности (зоны М3 и М4) укладываются во временной интервал ~118–112 тыс. л. н., а климатический оптимум межледниковья (зоны М5 и М6) — от ~112 тыс. л. н. и до ~100 тыс. л. н. Таким образом, продолжительность микулинского межледниковья, вероятно, составляла не менее 25 тыс. л.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>continental organic-rich deposits</kwd><kwd>geochronology</kwd><kwd>MIS 5</kwd><kwd>²³⁰Th/U dating method</kwd><kwd>isochron approximation</kwd><kwd>vegetation reconstruction</kwd><kwd>pollen and carpological analyses</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>континентальные органогенные отложения</kwd><kwd>геохронология</kwd><kwd>МИС 5</kwd><kwd>²³⁰Th/U-метод датирования</kwd><kwd>изохронное приближение</kwd><kwd>реконструкция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований (проект)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20-05-00813</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ananova E.N., Zarrina E.P., Kazartseva T.I. et al. 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