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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Geomorfologiâ i paleogeografiâ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Геоморфология и палеогеография</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2949-1789</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1797</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">660711</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2949178924020047</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PNYKXZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LOESS-SOIL SERIES OF NORTHERN EURASIA</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЁССОВО-ПОЧВЕННЫЕ СЕРИИ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Stratigraphy and geochronology of the Kuldara Early Paleolithic Site (Tajikistan)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Стратиграфия и геохронология стоянки раннего палеолита кульдара (Таджикистан)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulakova</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулакова</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anoikin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анойкин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khudjageldiev</surname><given-names>T. U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худжагелдиев</surname><given-names>Т. У.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="TJ">Tajikistan</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sosin</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сосин</surname><given-names>П. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="TJ">Tajikistan</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokareva</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токарева</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karayev</surname><given-names>A. Ch.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Караев</surname><given-names>А. Ч.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="TJ">Tajikistan</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybalko</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбалко</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbanov</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбанов</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Geography</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>географический факультет</p></bio><email>ek.kula@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики Земли имени О. Ю. Шмидта РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Donish Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography NAST</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт истории, археологии и этнографии имени А. Дониша НАНТ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology NAST</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт водных проблем, гидроэнергетики и экологии НАНТ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geography RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт географии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>55</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-01-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660711">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2949-1789/article/view/660711</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Kuldara site, situated near the Khovaling loess plateau in Southern Tajikistan, stands as the most ancient stratified site of the Early Paleolithic in Central Asia. Here, at the end of the 20th century, stone tools were discovered in pedocomplexes 11 and 12, with an estimated age of ~0.9 million years according to geological data. This discovery marked the archaeological materials from Kuldara as evidence of the earliest penetration of ancient people into the southeastern regions of Central Asia. However, despite the significant importance of the site in understanding the conditions and chronology of the initial settlement in the region, a chronostratigraphic study of the complete section of loess-paleosol series at the site had never been conducted before. Consequently, the regional correlation of this monument was critically challenging.</p> <p>We present the results of a comprehensive study of the stratigraphic sequence of the Kuldara section from modern soil to pedocomplex 11 on the cliff of the eastern bank of the same-named stream. We conducted soil description and detailed paleomagnetic research, measured magnetic susceptibility and its frequency dependence, and carried out archaeological work. Based on the obtained data, we performed, for the first time, a correlation with the oxygen isotope scale of the World Ocean, allowing us to estimate the age of the exposed pedocomplexes and identify significant erosion events in the upper part of the section. As a result of the archaeological work conducted, a collection of stone tools was obtained from pedocomplexes 4, 5, 6, and 10. These artifacts indicate the regular presence of ancient people at the site after the initial episode of settlement around ~0.9 million years ago, and the conducted chronostratigraphic correlation enables a more precise estimation of the timing of individual stages of this presence.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Стоянка Кульдара, приуроченная к лёссовому плато Ховалинг в Южном Таджикистане, является наиболее древним стратифицированным памятником раннего палеолита в Центральной Азии. Здесь в конце XX в. были обнаружены каменные орудия в педокомплексах 11 и 12, возраст которых по геологическим данным оценивался ~0.9 млн л., что определило археологические материалы Кульдары как свидетельство наиболее раннего проникновения древних людей в юго-восточные районы Центральной Азии. Но несмотря на большое значение стоянки для понимания условий и хронологии первоначального заселения региона, хроностратиграфическое изучение полного разреза лёссово-почвенных серий в месте стоянки ранее никогда не проводилось. В связи с чем была критически затруднена региональная корреляция данного памятника.</p> <p>Мы представляем результаты комплексного исследования стратиграфической последовательности разреза Кульдара от современной почвы по педокомплекс 11 на обрыве восточного борта одноименного ручья. Нами были проведены: почвенное описание и детальное палеомагнитное исследование, измерение магнитной восприимчивости и ее частотной зависимости, археологические работы. На основе полученных данных впервые проведена корреляция с изотопно-кислородной шкалой Мирового океана, что позволило оценить возраст вскрытых педокомплексов и выявить значительные эрозионные события в верхней части разреза. В результате проведенных археологических работ получена коллекция каменных орудий из педокомплексов 4, 5, 6 и 10. Эти артефакты свидетельствуют о регулярном присутствии древних людей в районе стоянки после начального эпизода заселения ~0.9 млн л., а проведенная хроностратиграфическая корреляция позволяет точнее оценить время отдельных этапов этого присутствия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>loessic Palaeolothic</kwd><kwd>loess-paleosol sequences</kwd><kwd>paleomagnetism</kwd><kwd>magnetic susceptibility</kwd><kwd>geoarchaeology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лёссовый палеолит</kwd><kwd>лёссово-почвенные серии</kwd><kwd>палеомагнетизм</kwd><kwd>магнитная восприимчивость</kwd><kwd>геоархеология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российского научного фонда (проект)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation (project)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-18-00568</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alken P., Thébault E., Beggan C. 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