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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical academic journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical academic journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Медицинский академический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1608-4101</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1378</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">642828</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/MAJ642828</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RZLLHA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">DNA fragmentation and hydroxymethylation in ejaculated spermatozoa in normozoospermia and pathozoospermia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фрагментация и гидроксиметилирование ДНК эякулированных сперматозоидов при нормозооспермии и патоспермии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4947-8171</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8908-7033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagurova</surname><given-names>Yanina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагурова</surname><given-names>Янина Максимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yanina.sagurova96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4495-0983</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6959-5014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефимова</surname><given-names>Ольга Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>efimova_o82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1693-5973</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4989-1932</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krapivin</surname><given-names>Mikhail I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крапивин</surname><given-names>Михаил Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>krapivin-mihail@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-4287</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1237-6373</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishchuk</surname><given-names>Mariia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ищук</surname><given-names>Мария Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mashamazilina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9716-4964</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3438-7974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Staroverov</surname><given-names>Dmitrii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Староверов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>st110982@student.spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6529-5799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trusova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трусова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>trusova.ek@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-9879</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1056-7821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komarova</surname><given-names>Evgeniia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комарова</surname><given-names>Евгения Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>evgmkomarova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-5953</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4732-8089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bespalova</surname><given-names>Olesya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беспалова</surname><given-names>Олеся Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>shiggerra@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9182-9188</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3123-2133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pendina</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пендина</surname><given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>pendina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии им. Д.О. Отта</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии им. Д.О. Отта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/MAJ/article/view/642828">https://journals.eco-vector.com/MAJ/article/view/642828</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The search for new criteria for semen quality based on the evaluation of the structural and functional state of the sperm genome remains a relevant task in reproductive medicine.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This work aimed to assess DNA integrity and the content of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the same ejaculated spermatozoa obtained from patients with normozoospermia and pathozoospermia.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included semen samples from 63 patients with normozoospermia (<italic>n</italic> = 33) and pathozoospermia (<italic>n</italic> = 30). Microscopic slides were prepared from the samples, on which fragmented DNA was first detected using the TUNEL assay, followed by digital image acquisition. Subsequently, 5hmC was detected by indirect immunofluorescence, and digital images of the same microscopic fields were acquired again. In total, 126,000 spermatozoa were analyzed (2000 per sample).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A substantial proportion of spermatozoa (72.8%–94.2%) in all samples showed no DNA integrity violations and exhibited a low (background) level of 5hmC. The proportions of spermatozoa exhibiting DNA fragmentation, increased hydroxymethylation, or both characteristics simultaneously were 0.05%–13.8%, 0.15%–11.5%, and 0.99%–13.38%, respectively. The proportion of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation and/or DNA hyperhydroxymethylation did not differ between patients with normozoospermia and those with pathozoospermia. DNA fragmentation and DNA hyperhydroxymethylation in ejaculated spermatozoa were found to be interdependent, and their coexistence in gametes was nonrandom.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The nonrandom coexistence of DNA fragmentation and DNA hyperhydroxymethylation in spermatozoa, along with the interdependence of these features, indicates a common trigger, most likely oxidative stress. However, the presence of additional factors leading to DNA damage or altered hydroxymethylation levels may explain the less than complete overlap of these features in spermatozoa. The assessment of DNA fragmentation and hydroxymethylation levels in spermatozoa appears to be a promising approach for evaluating semen quality and identifying potential causes of idiopathic infertility.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Поиск новых критериев качества эякулята, основанных на оценке структурно-функционального состояния генома сперматозоидов — актуальная задача репродуктологии.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Оценка целостности ДНК и содержания 5-гидроксиметилцитозина (5hmC) в одних и тех же эякулированных сперматозоидах, полученных от пациентов с нормозооспермией и патоспермией.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Исследование проведено на образцах эякулята 63 пациентов с нормозооспермией (<italic>n</italic>=33) и патоспермией (<italic>n</italic>=30). Из образцов готовили микроскопические препараты, на которых последовательно выявляли фрагментированную ДНК методом TUNEL, получали цифровые фотоизображения, выявляли 5hmC методом непрямой иммунофлуоресценции и снова получали цифровые фотоизображения тех же полей зрения. Всего проанализировано 126 000 сперматозоидов — по 2000 в каждом образце.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Значительная доля сперматозоидов (72,8–94,2%) во всех образцах характеризовалась отсутствием нарушений целостности ДНК и низким (фоновым) уровнем 5hmC. Доля сперматозоидов, в которых были выявлены фрагментация ДНК, повышенный уровень гидроксиметилирования или обе характеристики одновременно составила 0,05–13,8, 0,15–11,5 и 0,99–13,38% соответственно. Доля сперматозоидов с фрагментацией и/или гипергидроксиметилированием ДНК не отличалась у пациентов с нормозооспермией и патоспермией. Установлено, что фрагментация и гипергидроксиметилирование ДНК в эякулированных сперматозоидах взаимозависимы, и их сочетание в гаметах носит неслучайный характер.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Неслучайность сочетания в сперматозоидах фрагментации ДНК и ее гипергидроксиметилирования и взаимозависимость этих характеристик свидетельствует об их общем триггере, которым, вероятнее всего, является окислительный стресс. При этом наличие других факторов, приводящих к повреждению ДНК или изменению уровня ее гидроксиметилирования, объясняет не 100% совпадение этих характеристик в сперматозоидах. Оценка фрагментации ДНК и уровня ее гидроксиметилирования в сперматозоидах представляется перспективной для определения качества эякулята и выявления потенциальных причин идиопатического бесплодия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human spermatozoa</kwd><kwd>DNA fragmentation</kwd><kwd>DNA hydroxymethylation</kwd><kwd>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</kwd><kwd>5hmC</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>normozoospermia</kwd><kwd>pathozoospermia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сперматозоиды человека</kwd><kwd>фрагментация ДНК</kwd><kwd>гидроксиметилирование ДНК</kwd><kwd>5-гидроксиметилцитозин</kwd><kwd>5hmC</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>нормозооспермия</kwd><kwd>патоспермия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1021062512052-5-3.2.2</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Agarwal A, Bascaran S, Parekh N, et al. 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