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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical academic journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical academic journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Медицинский академический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1608-4101</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1378</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694098</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Lectures</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Лекции</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Contemporary trends of immunopharmacology development</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные направления в развитии иммунофармакологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Freidlin</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фрейдлин</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>член-корреспондент РАМН</p></bio><email>medaj@eco-vector.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной медицины РАМН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2004-02-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2004</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2004, Freidlin I.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2004, Фрейдлин И.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2004</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Freidlin I.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фрейдлин И.С.</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/MAJ/article/view/694098">https://journals.eco-vector.com/MAJ/article/view/694098</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review has been intended to illustrate mechanisms of pharmacological intervention on the immune system in so far as that is possible with the range of drags currently available. In immunopathological and inflammatory processes there are several possible points of intervention with drugs. Immunosupressive drugs are used in the management of organ and bone marrow transplantation and the treatment of diseases with proven autoimmune aetiology. Immunosuppressive agents (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, glucocorticoid (GC) hormones) represent prototypic clinically relevant drugs. GC hormones have assumed a major role in the treatment of a variety of deseases with an inflammatory or immune-mediated components. The steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs provide good examples of drug which modify mediator release. Particularly important is the action of GC on cytokine production. This effect is dependent upon inhibition of gene expression in immunocompetent cells. Interest has been developing recently in the use of antibiotic cyclosporine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune diseases. The discovery of a new immunosuppressant - macrolide antibiotic FK 506 also added much excitement. The both block antigen-induced transcription of the IL-2 gene in T-cells. Increasing knowledge of the role of cytokines in the regulation of the immune response, and availability of large quantities of recombinant cytokines, is focusing attention on their potential as immunomodulators for attempts at controlling immunity and inflammation. Cytokines are used as targets and sources for novel immunoregulators. Recent development of novel approaches to immunomodulation (monoclonal antibodies, cytokine antagonists) are considered briefly.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор предпринят с целью проиллюстрировать возможности фармакологических воздействий на иммунную систему в рамках возможностей доступных в настоящее время лекарственных препаратов. При иммунопатологических и воспалительных процессах существует несколько возможных точек приложения лекарственных препаратов. Иммуносупрессивные препараты используются при пересадках органов или костного мозга и для лечения заболеваний с доказанной аутоиммунной этиологией. Иммуносупрессивные агенты (циклофосфамид, азатиоприн, глюкокортикоидные (ГК) гормоны) представляют собой клинически распространенные препараты. ГК гормоны широко используются при лечении заболеваний с воспалительными или иммуно-опосредованными компонентами патогенеза. Стероидные и нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты представляют собой примеры лекарственных препаратов, которые модифицируют секрецию медиаторов. Особенно существенно влияние ГК на продукцию цитокинов. Этот эффект зависит от ингибиции экспрессии генов в иммунокомпетентных клетках. В последние годы вызывает интерес использование антибиотика циклоспорина для лечения ревматоидного артрита, болезни Крона и других аутоиммунных заболеваний. Открытие нового иммуносупрессанта - антибиотика макролида FK506 внушает дополнительные надежды. Оба препарата ингибируют транскрипцию гена IL-2 Т-лимфоцитов. Усовершенствование знаний о природе цитокинов и их роли в регуляции иммунного ответа, относительная доступность рекомбинантных цитокинов привлекают внимание к использованию их потенциала иммуномодуляторов с целью контролирования иммунитета и воспаления. Цитокины используются и в качестве мишеней, и в качестве непосредственных участников иммунорегуляции. Кратко рассмотрены также последние достижения в создании новых иммуномодуляторов (моноклональные антитела, антагонисты цитокинов).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunopharmacology</kwd><kwd>immunosupression</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунофармакология</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессия</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Симбирцев А. С. 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