Medical academic journalMedical academic journalМедицинский академический журнал1608-41012687-1378Eco-Vector987210.17816/MAJ1217-19ArticlesСтатьиReview ArticleABSENCE EPILEPSY: MECHANISMS OF HYPERSYNCHRONIZATION OF NEURONAL NETWORKSАБСАНСНАЯ ЭПИЛЕПСИЯ: МЕХАНИЗМЫ ГИПЕРСИНХРОНИЗАЦИИ НЕЙРОННЫХ АНСАМБЛЕЙVolnovaA BВольноваАнна Борисовнаanna_neuro@yahoo.comLenkovD NЛенковД НSt.-Petersburg State UniversityСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетNevsky centre of scientific cooperationНевский Центр научного сотрудничества15032012121VOL 12, NO1 (2012)ТОМ 12, №1 (2012)71903092018Copyright ©; 2012, Volnova A.B., Lenkov D.N.Copyright ©; 2012, Вольнова А.Б., Ленков Д.Н.2012Volnova A.B., Lenkov D.N.Вольнова А.Б., Ленков Д.Н.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://journals.eco-vector.com/MAJ/article/view/9872

Peculiarities of neurological manifestations of absence epilepsy and supported mechanisms of onset, development and termination of absence seizures are described. Clinical observations in patients with absence seizures and experimental data on genetic animal models are considered and the evidences point out the leading part of thalamocortical system in initiation and maintenance of seizure activity. A comparison of antiepileptic drugs using treatment of absence epilepsy is present.

Излагаются особенности неврологических проявлений абсансной эпилепсии и предполагаемые механизмы возникновения, развития и прекращения приступов. Рассматриваются клинические данные, полученные на больных, экспериментальные данные, полученные на животных генетических абсансных линий, свидетельствующие о ключевой роли таламокортикальной системы в формировании и поддержании судорожной активности. Проводится сравнение фармакологических противосудорожных средств, применяемых для лечения абсансной эпилепсии.

absence epilepsyEEGspike-wave dischargesthalamocortical systemабсансная эпилепсияЭЭГспайк-волновые разрядыталамокортикальная системаКарлов В. А. Абсанс // Журн. неврол. и психиат.- 2005.- Т. 105, № 3.- С. 55-60.Panayiotopoulos C. P. Treatment of typical absence seazures and related epileptic syndromes // Paediatr. Drugs.- 2001.- Vol. 3, № 5.-P. 379-403.Panayiotopoulos C. P. Typical absence seazures and related epileptic syndromes: assessment of current state and directions of future research // Epilepsia.- 2008.- Vol. 49, № 12.- P. 2131-2139.Мухин К. Ю., Петрухин А. С., Миронов М. Б. Эпилептические синдромы. Диагностика и терапия.- М.: Системные решения, 2008.Hughes J. R. Absence seazures: a review of recent reports with new concepts // Epilepsy & Behav.- 2009.- Vol. 15, № 4.- P. 404-412.Dufa T. T., Yoldi Petri M. E., Gallinas V. F. Incidence of epilepsy in 0-15 year olds // An. Pediatr. (Barc).- 2007.- Vol. 67, №1.- P. 37-43.Urena-Hornos T., Rubio-Rubio R., Gros-Esteban D. et al. Absence epilepsy: a review of our 14 years' experience // Rev. Neurol.- 2004.-Vol. 39, № 12.- P. 1113-1119.Tanaka M., Olsen R. W., Medine M. T. et al. Hyperglycosylation and reduced GABA currents of mutated GABRB3 polypeptide in remitting childhood absence epilepsy // Am. J. Hum. Genet.- 2008.- Vol. 82, № 6.- P. 1249-1261.Caraballo R. Y., Darra F., Fontana E. et al. Absence seazure in the first 3 years of life: an electroclinical study of 46 cases // Epilepsia.- 2011.-Vol. 52, № 2.- P. 393-400.Shahar E., Genizi J., Nevo Y. et al. Typical absence epilepsy presening prior to age of 3 years: an uncommon form of idiopatic generalized epilepsy // Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol.- 2007.- Vol. 11, № 6.- P. 346-352.Скоромец А., Скоромец А., Скоромец Т. Нервные болезни.- М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2010.Sadleir L. G., Farrell K., Smith S. et al. Electroclinical features of absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy // Neurology.- 2006.- Vol. 67, №3.- P. 413-418.Lu Y., Waltz S., Stenzel K. et al. Photosensitivity in epileptic syndromes of childhood and adolescence // Epileptic Disord.- 2008.- Vol. 10, № 2.- P. 136-143.Gloor P., Avoli M., Kostopoulos G. Thalamo-cortical relationships in generalized epilepsy with bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharge // Generalized Epilepsy: Neurobiological Approaches.- Boston: Birkhauser, 1990.- P 190-212.Drinkenburg W. H., Schuurmans M. L., Coenen A. M. et al. Ictal stimulus processing during spike-wave discharges in genetic epileptic rats // Behav. Brain Res.- 2003.- Vol. 143, № 2.- P. 141-146.Карлов В. А., Гнездицкий В. В. Абсансная эпилепсия у детей и взрослых.- М.: Прессервис, 2005.Kaplan P. W. Behavioral manifestations of nonconvulsive status epilepticus // Epilepsy Behav.- 2002.- Vol. 3, № 2.- P. 122-139.Grosso S., Galimberti D, Vezzosi P, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: evolution and prognostic factors // Epilepsia.- 2005.- Vol. 46, № 11.- P. 1796-1801.Manning J.-P. A., Richards D. A., Bowery N. G. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy // Trends in Pharm. Sci.- 2003.- Vol. 24, № 10.-P. 542-549.Modern management of epilepsy: a practical approach // Epilepsy & Behav.- 2008.- Vol. 12, № 4.- P. 501-539.Wheless J. W., Clarke D. F., Arzimanoglou A, Carpenter D. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: European expert opinion, 2007 // Epileptic Disord.- 2007.- Vol. 9, № 4.- P. 353-412.Holmes M. D., Brown M., Tucker D. M. Are «generalized» seizures truly generalized? Evidence of localized mesial frontal and frontopolar discharges in absence // Epilepsia.- 2004.- Vol. 45, № 12.- P. 1568-1579.Clemens B., Bessenyei M., Piros P. et al. Characteristic distribution of interictal brain electrical activity in idiopathic generalized epilepsy // Epilepsia.- 2007.- Vol. 48, № 5.- P. 941-949.Groenewegen H. J., Witter M. P. Thalamus // The Rat Nervous System.- Oxford: Academic Press, 2004.- P. 407-453.Prevett M. C., Duncan J. S., Jones T. et al. Demonstration of thalamic activation during typical absence seizures using H2 15O and PET // Neurology.- 1995.- Vol. 45, № 7.- P. 1396-1402.Salek-Haddadi A., Lemieux L., Merschhemke M. et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human absence seizures // Ann Neurol.-2003.- Vol. 53, № 5.- P. 663-667.Betting L. E., Mory S. B., Lopes-Cendes I. et al. MRI reveals structural abnormalities in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy // Neurology.- 2006.- Vol. 67, № 5.- P. 848-852.Fojtikova D., Brazdil M., Horky J. et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the thalamus in patients with typical absence epilepsy // Seizure.-2006.- Vol. 15, № 7.- P. 533-540.Labate A., Briellman R. S., Abbott D. F. et al. Typical childhood absence seizures are associated with thalamic activation // Epileptic Disord.-2005.- Vol. 7, № 4.- P. 373-377.Moeller F., LeVan P., Muhle H. et al. Absence seizures: Individual patterns revealed by EEG-fMRI // Epilepsia.- 2010.- Vol. 51, № 10.-P.- 2000-2010.Luijtelaar G. van, Sitnikova E. Global and focal aspects of absence epilepsy. The contribution of genetic models // Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.- 2006.- Vol. 30, № 7.- P. 983-1003.Avanzini G., De Curtis M., Marescaux C. et al. Role of thalamic reticular nucleus in the generation of rhythmic thalamo-cortical activities subserving spike and waves // J. Neural. Transm. Suppl.- 1992.- Vol. 35.- P. 85-95.Bal T., von Krosigk M., McCormick D. A. Synaptic and membrane mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro // J. Physiol. (London).- 1995.- Vol. 483, № 3.- P. 641-663.Buzsaki G. The thalamic clock: emergent network properties // Neuroscience.- 1991.- Vol. 41, № 2-3.- P. 351-364.Meeren H. K., Pijn J. P., van Luijtelaar E. L. et al. Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seazures in rats // J. Neurosci.- 2002.- Vol. 22, № 4.- P. 1480-1495.Pinault D. Cellular interactions in the rat somatosensory thalamocortical system during normal and epileptic 5-9 Hz oscillations // J. Physiol.-2003.- Vol. 552, № 3.- P. 881-905.Polack P.-O., Guillemain I. G., Hu E. et al. Deep layer somatosensory cortical neurons initiate spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence seazures // J. Neurosci.- 2007.- Vol. 27, № 24.- P. 6590-6599Seidenbecher T., Staak R., Pape H.-C. Relations between cortical and thalamic cellular activities during absence seazures in rats // J. Neurosci.-1998.- Vol. 10, № 3.- P. 1103-1112.Sitnikova E, van Luijtelaar G. Cortical control of generalized absence seizures: effect of lidocaine applied to the somatosensory cortex in WAG/Rij rats // Brain Res.- 2004.- Vol. 1012, № 1-2.- P. 127-137.Steriade M. Grouping of the brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems // Neuroscience.- 2006.- Vol. 137.- P. 1087-1106.Timofeev I., Steriade M. Neocortical seizures: initiation, development and cessation // Neuroscience.- 2004.- Vol. 123, № 2.- P. 299-336.Bancaud J., Talairach J., Morel P. et al. «Generalized» epileptic seizures elicited by electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe in man // Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology.- 1974.- Vol. 37, № 3.- P. 275-282.Kostopoulos G. K. Spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures as a transformation of sleep spindles: the continuing development of a hypothesis // Clinical Neurophysiology.- 2000.- Vol. 111. S. 2.- P. S27-S38.Luijtelaar G. van, Coenen A. Genetic models of absence epilepsy: new concepts and insights // Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research.-Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.- P. 1-8.Coenen A. M., Drinkenburg W. H., Peeters B. W. et al. Absence epilepsy and the level of vigilance in rats of the WAG/Rij strain // Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.- 1991.- Vol. 15, № 2.- P. 259-263.Meeren H. K., van Luijtelaar E. L. J. M., Lopes da Silva F. H., Coenen A. M. Evolving concepts on the pathophysiology of absence seizures: the cortical focus theory // Archives of Neurology.- 2005.- Vol. 62, № 3.- P. 371-376.Kole M. H., Brauer A. U., Stuart G. J. Inherited cortical HCN1 channel loss amplifies dendritic calcium electrogenesis and burst firing in a rat absence epilepsy model // J. Physiol.- 2007.- Vol. 578, № 2.- P. 507-525.Manning J. -P. A., Richards D. A., Leresche N. et al. A cortical-area specific block of genetically determined absence seazures by ethosuximide // Neuroscience.- 2004.- Vol. 123, № 1.- P. 5-9.Polack P.-O., Charpier S. Ethosuximide converts ictogenic neurons initiating absence seizures into normal neurons in a genetic model // Epilepsia.- 2009.- Vol. 50, № 7.- P. 1816-1820.Richards D. A., Manning J. P., Barnes D. et al. Targeting thalamic nuclei is not sufficient for the full anti-absence action of ethosuximide in a rat model of absence epilepsy // Epilepsy Res.- 2003.- Vol. 54, № 2-3.- P. 97-107.Crunelli V., Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks // Nat. Rev. Neurosci.- 2002.- Vol. 3, № 5.-P. 371-382.Liu L, Zheng T, Morris M J. et al. The mechanism of carbamazepine aggravation of absence seizures // J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.- 2006.-Vol. 319, № 2.- P. 790-798.Leresche N., Parri H. R., Erdemli G. et al. On the action of the anti-absence drug ethosuximide in the rat and cat thalamus // J. Neurosci.-1998.- Vol. 18, № 13.- P. 4842-4853.Aker R. G, Tezcan K., Carcak N. et al. Localized cortical injections of ethosuximide suppress spike-and-wave activity and reduce the resistance to kindling in genetic absence epilepsy rats (GAERS) // Epilepsy Res.- 2010.- Vol. 89, № 1.- P. 7-16.Zheng T., Morris M. J., Jovanovska V. et al. The intra-cortical origin of absence-like seizures in the GAERS model is located in the somatosensory S2 cortex // The 30th Annual Meeting of the Australian Neuroscience Society.- 2010.- P0S-206.- P. 118.Tokuda S., Sofue N., Ohno Y. et al. Inhibitory effects of levetiracetam on absence seizures in a novel absence-like epilepsy animal model, Groggy rat // Brain Res.- 2010.- Vol. 1359.- P. 298-303.Ellens D. J., Hong E., Giblin K. et al. Development of spike-wave seizures in C3H/HeJ mice // Epilepsy Research.- 2009.- Vol. 85, № 1.- P. 53-59.Akman O., Demiralp T., Ates N., Onat F. Y. Electroencephalographic differences between WAG/Rij and GAERS rat models of absence epilepsy // Epilepsy Res.- 2010.- Vol. 89, № 2-3.- P. 185-93.Slaght S. J., Paz T., Chavez M. et al. On the activity of the corticostriatal networks during spike-and-wave discharges of a genetic model of absence epilepsy // J. Neurosci.- 2004.- Vol. 24, № 30.- P. 6816-6825.Strauss U., Kole M. H., Brauer A. U. et al. An impaired neocortical 1h is associated with enhanced excitability and absence epilepsy // Eur. J. Neurosci.- 2004.- Vol. 19, № 11.- P. 3048-3058.Blumenfeld H. Consciousness and epilepsy: why are patients with absence seizures absent? // Prog. Brain Res.- 2005b.- Vol. 150.- P. 271-286.Paxinos G., Watson Ch. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates.- Oxford: Academic Press, 2007.Polack P.-O., Mahon S., Chavez M., Sharpier S. Inactivation of the somatosensory cortex prevents paroxysmal oscillations in cortical and related thalamic neurons in a genetic model of absence epilepsy // Cerebral Cortex.- 2009.- Vol. 19, № 9.- P. 2078-2091.Paz J. T., Deniau J. M., Charpier S. Rhythmic bursting in the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal network during spontaneous genetically determined spike and wave discharges // J. Neurosci.- 2005.- Vol. 25, № 8.- P.- 2092-2101.Depaulis A., Deransart C. The role of the basal ganglia circuits in the control of epileptic seizures // Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research.-Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.- P. 841-846.Budde T., Pape H.-C. Thalamic neurons and networks related to absence epilepsy // Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research.- Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.- P. 22-28.Lothman E. W. Basic mechanisms of seizure expression // Epilepsy Res Suppl.- 1996.- Vol. 11, № 1.- P. 9-16.McCormick D. A., Contreras D. On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures // Annu Rev Physiol.- 2001.- Vol. 63.-P. 815-46.Blumenfeld H. Cellular and network mechanisms of spike-wave seizures // Epilepsia.- 2005a.- Vol. 46.- Suppl. 9.- P. 21-33.Huguenard J. R. Block of T-type Ca2+ channels is an important action of succinimide antiabsence drugs // Epilepsy Currents.- 2002.- Vol. 2, № 2.- P. 49-52.Danober L., Deransart C., Depaulis A. et al. Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat // Progr. Neurobiol.-1998.- Vol. 55, № 1.- P. 27-57.Avoli M., Biagini G. Thalamocortical synchronization and absence epilepsy // Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research.- Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.- P. 28-36.Badawy R. A. B., Harvey A. S., Macdonell R. A. L. Cortical hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis: unerstanding the mechanisms of epilepsy. Part 1 // J. Clin. Neurosci.- 2009.- Vol. 16, № 3.- P. 355-365.Badawy R. A. B., Harvey A. S., Macdonell R. A. L. Cortical hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis: understanding the mechanisms of epilepsy. Part 2 // J. Clin. Neurosci.- 2009.- Vol. 16, № 4.- P. 485-500.DAntuono M., Inaba Y., Biagini G. et al. Synaptic hyperexcitability of deep layer neocortical cells in a genetic model of absence seizures // Genes, Brain & Behavior.- 2006.- Vol. 5, № 1.- P. 73-84.Melo T. M., Sonnewald U., Touret M., Nehlig A. Cortical glutamate metabolism is enhanced in a genetic model of absence epilepsy // Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism.- 2006.- № 12.- Vol. 26.- P. 1496-1506.Paz J. T., Chavez M., Sailler S. et al. Activity of ventral medial thalamic neurons during absence seizures and modulation of cortical paroxysms by the nigrothalamic // J. Neurosci.- 2007.- Vol. 27, № 4.- P. 929-41.Crunelli V., Leresche N. Oscillations in thalamocortical networks and the putative «initiation site» of typical absence epilepsy // Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research. Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.- P. 15-21.Pinault D., Leresche N., Charpier S. et al. Intracellular recordings in thalamic neurones during spontaneous spike and wave discharges in rats with absence epilepsy // J. Physiol. 1998.- Vol. 509, № 2.- P. 449-456.Sah P., Faber E. S. Channels underlying neuronal calcium-activated potassium currents // Prog. Neurobiol.- 2002.- Vol. 66, № 5.-P. 345-353.Sazgar M, Bourgeois B. F. Aggravation of epilepsy by antiepileptic drugs // Pediatr Neurol.- 2005.- Vol. 33, № 4.- P. 227-234.Massimini M., Amzica F. Extracellular calcium fluctuations and intracellular potentials in the cortex during the slow sleep oscillation // J. Neurophysiol.- 2001.- Vol. 85, № 3.- P. 1346-1350.Deransart C., Hellwig B., Heupel-Reuter M. et al. Single unit analysis of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in freely behaving rats with genetic absence epilepsy // Epilepsia.- 2003.- Vol. 44, № 12.- P. 1513-1520.Scantlebury M. H., Galanopoulou A. S., Veliskova J., Moshe S. L. The substantia nigra in the control of seizures // Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research.- Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.- P. 846-854.Петрухин А. С., Миронов М. Б., Мухин К. Ю. Суксилеп - новые показания в лечении эпилепсии // Трудный пациент.- 2008.-№ 12.- С. 10-13.Loscher. W. Valproate: a reappraisal of of its pharmacodynamics properties and mechanisms of action // Progr. Neurobiol.- 1999.- Vol. 58, № 1.- P. 31-59.Johannessen C. U., Johannessen S. I. Valproate: past, present and future // CNS Drug Res.- 2003.- Vol. 9, № 2.- P. 199-216.Dixon J. F., Hokin L. E. The antibipolar drug valproate mimics lithium in stimulating glutamate release and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation in brain cortex slices but not accumulation of inositol monophosphates and bisphosphates // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA.- 1997.- Vol. 94, № 9.- P. 4757-4760.McLean M. J., MacDonald R. L. Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell-culture // J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther.- 1986.- Vol. 237, № 3.- P. 1001-1011.Chaves J, Sander J. W. Seizure aggravation in idiopathic generalized epilepsies // Epilepsia.- 2005.- Vol. 46, Suppl. 9.- P. 133-139.Genton P. When antiepileptic drugs aggravate epilepsy // Brain Dev.- 2000.- Vol. 22, № 2.- P. 75-80.White H.S., Smith M.D., Wilcox K. S. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs // Int. Rev. Neurobiol.- 2007.- Vol. 81.- P. 85-110.Zheng T., Clarke A. L., Morris M. J. et al. Oxcarbazepine, not its active metabolite, potentiates GABAA activation and aggravates absence seizures // Epilepsia.- 2009.- Vol. 50, № 1.- P. 83-87.Петрухин А. С., Пылаева О. А., Воронкова К. В. Аггравация эпилептических приступов под влиянием антиконвульсантов // Журн. неврол. и психиат.- 2005.- Т. 105, № 9.- С. 66-70.Gurbanova A. A., Aker R., Berkman K. et al. Effects of systemic and intracortical administration of phenytoin in two genetic models of absence epilepsy // Br. J. Pharmacol.- 2006.- Vol. 148, № 8.- P. 1076-1082.Niedermeyer E. Primary (idiopathic) generalized epilepsy and underlying mechanisms // Clinical Electroencephalography.- 1996.- Vol. 27, № 1.- P. 1-21.Sitnikova E., van Luijtelaar G. Cortical and thalamic coherence during spike-wave seizures in WAG/Rij rats // Epilepsy Res.- 2006.-Vol. 71, № 2-3.- P. 159-180.