Mechanisms of nicotine dependence

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Abstract

Primary reinforcing effects are thought to be the main mechanism determining the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. Such conventional views are fully supported by significant bodies of experimental and clinical evidence on drug-seeking and taking behaviors in the studies on heroin, cocaine, ethanol, etc. However, for nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco, positive reinforcing effects are necessary but not sufficient for developing and maintaining addictive behaviors. The present review aimed at summarizing the key mechanisms underlying the unique abuse properties of nicotine (primary and secondary reinforcement, interaction with the reinforcing effects of other drug and non-drug stimuli, negative reinforcement, schedule-induced behavior, self-medication hypothesis, pharmacokinetics). It is also argued that understanding the contribution of all factors in nicotine dependence should facilitate optimization of the test batteries designed to detect abuse potential of novel and existing pharmacological agents.

About the authors

I. M. Sukhanov

Pavlov Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru

Valdman Institute of Pharmacology

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

O. A. Dravolina

Pavlov Medical University

Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru

Valdman Institute of Pharmacology

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

E. E. Zvartau

Pavlov Medical University

Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru

Valdman Institute of Pharmacology

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

A. Yu. Bespalov

Pavlov Medical University

Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru

Valdman Institute of Pharmacology

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

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