Pharmacy FormulasPharmacy FormulasФормулы Фармации2713-153X2713-1602Eco-Vector62541510.17816/phf625415Biological sciencesБиологические наукиReview ArticleGlucans and heteroglycans of fungi and their potential in cancer immunotherapyГлюканы и гетерогликаны грибов и их возможности в иммунотерапии злокачественных новообразованийhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-252756521442400I-1523-20134155-3190ZmitrovichIvan V.ЗмитровичИван Викторович
Russian Federation

D.Sc. in Biology, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of the Fungi

д-р биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории систематики и географии грибов Ботанического института

iv_zmitrovich@mail.ruhttps://binran.ru/sotrudniki/4926/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-564413105602000AAV-6556-20203128-7451PerelyginVladimir V.ПерелыгинВладимир Вениаминович
Russian Federation

Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor, Head of the Industrial Ecology Department

д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой промышленной экологии

vladimir.pereligin@pharminnotech.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-501XAAS-9156-20217818-7228ZharikovMikhail V.ЖариковМихаил Владимирович
Russian Federation

Department of Industrial Ecology

Магистр кафедры промышленной экологии

zharikov.mihail@pharminnotech.comKomarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesБотанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова Российской академии наукSaint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical UniversityСанкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации10012024201220235434453012202310012024Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2023, Эко-ВекторCopyright ©; 2023,2023Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0https://journals.eco-vector.com/PharmForm/article/view/625415

The present review is devoted to the oncostatic properties of glucans and heteroglycans produced by higher fungi. These are the most pharmacologically promising substances, since they are produced in large quantities both by artificially grown mycelium and fruiting bodies, do not require complex purification methods, are devoid of toxicity, and, having a complex (immune-mediated and direct) effect on tumors, do not require any complex fractionation procedures. The diversity of β-glucans produced by fungi is shown, the main types of these macromolecules are considered (according to the structural features of the macromolecule, the linear and branched forms of β-glucans are distinguished, first of all). Heteroglycans, a more diverse but less studied group of fungal compounds, have also been characterized. The effects of fungal β-glucans and heteroglycans on immune and cancer cells described in the literature are considered. The long and branched chains of these biopolymers, as well as peptides and lipids covalently bound to them, have fragments that are complementary to the binding sites of the surface receptors of the animal cell and thus act as their agonists or antagonists. They are recognized by the receptors of antigen-representing cells of the immune system as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, what leads to the activation of the cytotoxic component of the immune system; to reduce their tolerogenic and immunosuppressive signaling. Prospects for further study of fungal glucans and heteroglycans are outlined.

Настоящий обзор посвящен онкостатическим свойствам продуцируемых высшими грибами глюканов и гетерогликанов. Это – наиболее перспективные в фармакологическом отношении вещества, поскольку в большом количестве нарабатываются как искусственно выращиваемым мицелием, так и плодовыми телами, не требуют сложных методов очистки, лишены токсичности и, обладая комплексным (иммуноопосредованным и прямым) действием на опухоли раковые клетки, не требуют сложных процедур фракционирования. Показано разнообразие β-глюканов, продуцируемых грибами, рассмотрены основные типы этих макромолекул (по структурным особенностям макромолекулы выделяются, прежде всего, линейные и разветвленные β-глюканы). Охарактеризованы также гетерогликаны – более разнообразная, но менее изученная у грибов группа соединений. Рассмотрены описанные в литературе эффекты воздействия грибных β-глюканов и гетерогликанов на иммунные и раковые клетки. Длинные и часто разветвленные цепи этих биополимеров, а также ковалентно связанных с ними пептидов и липидов имеют фрагменты, комплементарные участкам связывания поверхностных рецепторов животной клетки и выступают, таким образом, их агонистами или антагонистами. Рецепторами антигенрепрезентирующих клеток иммунной системы они распознаются в качестве патоген-ассоциированных молекулярных образов; это распознавание ведет к активизации эффекторного цитотоксического звена иммунной системы. Кроме того, было описано непосредственное воздействие глюканов и гетерогликанов грибного происхождения на ряд рецепторов раковых клеток, ведущее к торможению пролиферации и апоптозу, а также на рецепторы опухоль-ассоциированных макрофагов, ведущее к снижению их толерогенной и иммуносупрессивной сигнализации. Намечены перспективы дальнейшего изучения грибных глюканов и гетерогликанов.

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