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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1683-4100</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-1875</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">651161</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RCF651161</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZGMUPG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for measurement of extracellular dopamine release in response to self-stimulation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Регистрация высвобождения внеклеточного дофамина при самостимуляции методом циклической вольтамперометрии с быстрым сканированием</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3104-8790</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1088-6479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pestereva</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пестерева</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>pesterevans@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-6545</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3221-1316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Traktirov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трактиров</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ds.traktirov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0425</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4998-5204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>Andrei А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>Андрей Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>aalebedev-iem@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-2269</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5915-9767</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyurveev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пюрвеев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dr.purveev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1811-7563</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8138-8642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherkassova</surname><given-names>R. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черкассова</surname><given-names>Р. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>regina.cherkassova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-1127</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8974-7477</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabanov</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабанов</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>pdshabanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-02-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-01"><day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-17"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/651161">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/651161</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> The regulation of extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens is a critical component of the brain reward system. The development of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry facilitated the measurement of variations in dopamine release over time, correlating with behavioral responses. However, the available data on extracellular dopamine levels in response to self-stimulation are somewhat conflicting.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> To analyze the patterns of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens that occur in response to the ventral tegmental self-stimulation, as measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> Electrodes were implanted into male Wistar rats to induce self-stimulation and monitor extracellular dopamine levels. The release of dopamine was measured telemetrically, while rats were allowed to move freely. Dopamine levels were measured by monitoring its extracellular concentrations in the nucleus accumbens in vivo using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. The ventral tegmental irritation was maintained on a fixed-ratio one schedule using a rectangular pulse train with a 38° head elevation.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> The first head elevation, and consequently the activation of reward stimulation, induced an increase in the signal of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, which decreased over time. The release of dopamine in response to self-stimulation demonstrated a consistent increase compared to the baseline levels prior to the initiation of the reaction training. A definitive correlation between the amplitude/time of dopamine release and the intensity of the self-stimulation response was not observed. The maximum dopamine concentration in response to the electrical stimulus increased and remained at a higher level for at least 20 subsequent head elevations. However, the hallmarks of exploratory behavior persisted, despite variations in dopamine levels. The release of dopamine in the initial five minutes of the experiment gradually decreased every two minutes. Following a period of prolonged self-stimulation, the release of dopamine decreased at an interval of 0.5 min.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The study findings are consistent with the hypothesis of fluctuations in the emotional continuum that activates the brain reward mechanisms. Dopamine levels have been demonstrated to reflect the regulatory mechanisms underlying approach and avoidance behaviors in response to self-stimulation and may result from the synthesis of an antedating reward (motivational excitement) followed satisfaction after motor activity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Регуляция внеклеточного уровня дофамина в прилежащем ядре — важное звено механизма внутреннего подкрепления. Развитие метода быстросканирующей циклической вольтамперометрии позволило регистрировать динамику физического выброса дофамина во временной шкале, соответствующей поведенческим реакциям. В то же время данные о внеклеточном уровне дофамина во время реализации реакции самостимуляции в настоящее время противоречивы.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — проанализировать особенности высвобождения дофамина в прилежащем ядре во время самостимуляции вентральной области покрышки методом быстросканирующей циклической вольтамперометрии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Крысам самцам Вистар вживляли электроды для самостимуляции и регистрации внеклеточного уровня дофамина. Регистрацию высвобождения дофамина осуществляли телеметрически у крыс в свободном поведении. Выброс дофамина оценивали по изменению его внеклеточного уровня в прилежащем ядре in vivo методом быстросканирующей циклической вольтамперометрии. Раздражение вентральной области покрышки осуществлялось в режиме FR1 пачкой прямоугольных электрических импульсов при подъеме головы на 38°.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Первый подъем головы и, соответственно, включение подкрепляющей стимуляции вызывало увеличение сигнала быстросканирующей циклической вольтамперометрии, который уменьшался в течение времени. Высвобождение дофамина при самостимуляции оставалось неизменно выше, чем его фоновый уровень до начала обучения реакции. Мы не наблюдали строгой корреляции величины амплитуды и времени высвобождения дофамина с более или менее энергичной реакцией самостимуляции. Пиковая концентрация дофамина во время электрического стимула увеличивалась и сохранялась на более высоком уровне в течение последующих как минимум 20 подъемов головы. При этом элементы исследовательского поведения не угасали, несмотря на периоды снижения и повышения уровня дофамина. Высвобождение дофамина в первые 5 мин опыта постепенно снижалось каждые 2 мин. После продолжительной самостимуляции высвобождение дофамина снижалось уже каждые 0,5 мин.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Наши исследования согласуются с гипотезой флуктуирующего эмоционального континуума, который реализует подкрепляющие механизмы мозга. Уровень дофамина отражает, по-видимому, процессы регуляции механизмов приближения и избегания при самостимуляции и может являться результатом синтеза «опережающего подкрепления» (мотивационного возбуждения) с последующим за двигательным актом состоянием удовлетворения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reinforcement</kwd><kwd>self-stimulation</kwd><kwd>extracellular dopamine</kwd><kwd>nucleus accumbens</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подкрепление</kwd><kwd>самостимуляция</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный дофамин</kwd><kwd>прилежащее ядро</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 24-75-00036).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная работа выполнена при финансировании РНФ (грант 24-75-00036).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pavlov IP. 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