<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1683-4100</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-1875</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">651368</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RCF651368</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MZAZWJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of melanocyte-stimulating hormone role in regulation of emotional and exploratory behavior in rats</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование роли меланоцитстимулирующего гормона в организации эмоционального и исследовательского поведения у крыс</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-2269</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5915-9767</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyurveev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пюрвеев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dr.purveev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0425</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4998-5204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>aalebedev-iem@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-6805</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9408-0799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bychkov</surname><given-names>Е. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бычков</surname><given-names>Е. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>bychkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1324-9710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pshenichnaya</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пшеничная</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pscanna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abrosimov</surname><given-names>М. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абросимов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>abrosimov.m.e@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1878-8392</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>aalebedev-iem@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1752-0785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balagansky</surname><given-names>I. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балаганский</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>balaganskiiivan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-1127</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8974-7477</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabanov</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабанов</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>pdshabanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-01"><day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/651368">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/651368</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Animals’ emotions and exploratory behavior are significant markers of its cognitive and neurobiological health.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> To investigate the effect of a melanocortin-stimulating hormone antagonist on the emotional and exploratory behavior of male rats.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> A series of experiments included a group of 20 male Wistar rats, with a baseline weight of 200–220 grams. A behavioral test battery was used, including Open-Field test, Elevated Plus Maze test, Resident-Intruder test, and Porsolt Forced Swim test. The sample size was fixed at 10 animals per group. ML-00253764, a melanocortin receptor 4/α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor antagonist, diluted in distilled water at 1 mg/mL was administered intranasally at 20 µg (10 µ/mL in each nostril) 15 minutes prior to the behavior testing. Additionally, 0.9% sodium chloride solution was administered in a similar dose to serve as a control.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> Intranasal administration of the MC4R antagonist ML-00253764 has been demonstrated to reduce anxiety, enhance research activity, and produce antidepressant effects. In the Open-Field and Elevated Plus Maze tests, an increase in the number of locomotor responses, exploratory activities, and time in open arms was observed, suggesting the activation of exploratory behavior and the anxiolytic effect of the compound. In the Porsolt Forced Swim test, a decrease in immobilization time was documented, which is indicative of the antidepressant effect The Resident-Intruder test demonstrated a decrease in aggressive and defensive behaviors, thereby indicating a normalized social behavior.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The study findings highlight the significance of the melanocortin system in the regulation of emotional and cognitive functions, thereby offering novel insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of MC4R antagonists for the treatment of anxiety and depression.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Эмоциональное состояние и исследовательское поведение животных — важные индикаторы их когнитивного и нейробиологического статуса.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>— изучение действия антагониста меланокортинстимулирующего гормона на эмоциональное и исследовательское поведение самцов крыс.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Опыты выполнены на 20 крысах-самцах линии Вистар с начальной массой 200–220 г. Использовали батарею поведенческих тестов: «открытое поле», «приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт», «чужак – резидент», тест Порсолта. Выборка для каждой группы животных составляла по 10 крыс. Для анализа использовали антагонист рецепторов MC4R α-MSH ML-00253764, разведенный в дистиллированной воде 1 мг/мл, который вводили интраназально в дозе 20 мкг (по 10 мкг/мкл в каждую ноздрю) за 15 мин до исследования поведения в тестах. В качестве контроля использовали введение аналогичной дозы 0,9 % раствора хлорида натрия.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Было показано, что интраназальное введение антагониста MC4R ML-00253764 вызывает снижение тревожности, увеличение исследовательской активности и проявляет антидепрессивное действие. В тестах «открытое поле» и «приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт» отмечались повышение числа локомоций, исследовательских актов и времени пребывания в открытых рукавах, что указывает на активацию исследовательского поведения и анксиолитический эффект препарата. В тесте Порсолта наблюдалось снижение времени иммобилизации, свидетельствующее об антидепрессивном эффекте. В тесте «чужак – резидент» уменьшение актов агрессии и защитного поведения указывает на нормализацию социального поведения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные результаты подчеркивают значимость меланокортиновой системы в регуляции эмоциональных и когнитивных функций, а также открывают перспективы применения антагонистов MC4R для терапии тревожных и депрессивных расстройств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melanocortin-stimulating hormone</kwd><kwd>ML-00253764</kwd><kwd>behavior</kwd><kwd>MC4R</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>меланокортинстимулирующий гормон</kwd><kwd>ML-00253764</kwd><kwd>поведение</kwd><kwd>MC4R</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation to the Institute of Experimental Medicine FGWG-2025-0020 “Search for molecular targets for pharmacological action in addictive and neuroendocrine disorders in order to create new pharmacologically active substances acting on CNS receptors.”</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины» FGWG-2025-0020 «Поиск молекулярных мишеней для фармакологического воздействия при аддиктивных и нейроэндокринных нарушениях с целью создания новых фармакологически активных веществ, действующих на рецепторы ЦНС».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lebedev AA, Moskalev AR, Abrosimov ME, et al. Effect of neuropeptide Y antagonist BMS193885 on overeating and emotional responses induced by social isolation in rats. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2021;19(2):189–202. doi: 10.17816/RCF192189-202 EDN: OWSTEO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lebedev AА, Pyurveev SS, Nadbitova ND, et al. Reduction of compulsive overeating in rats caused by maternal deprivation in early ontogenesis with the use of a new ghrelin receptor antagonist agrelax. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2023;21(3):255–262. doi: 10.17816/RCF562841 EDN: SLBOTQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Vetlugin EA, Bychkov ER, Abrosimov ME, et al. Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor antagonist SNAP 94847. Pediatrician (St. Petersburg). 2022;13(1):25–34. doi: 10.17816/PED13125-34 EDN: ZETGTI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lebedev AA, Pyurveev SS, Sexte EA, et al. Studying the involvement of ghrelin in the mechanism of gambling addiction in rats after exposure to psychogenic stressors in early ontogenesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2023;59(4):1402–1413. doi: 10.1134/s1234567823040316 EDN: WUGJEH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Pyurveev SS, Lebedev AA, Bychkov ER, Shabanov PD. Intranasal administration of ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 reduces the manifestations of impulsivity and compulsivity induced by maternal deprivation in rats. Research Results in Pharmacology. 2024;10(2):97–106. doi: 10.18413/rrpharmacology.10.448 EDN: QRRFAV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Shabanov PD, Lebedev AA, Kornilov VA. Psychopharmacological profile of nootropic like peptides. Psychopharmacology and Biological Narcology. 2009;9(1–2):2517–2523. EDN: NELGZP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Shabanov PD, Lebedev AA, Rusanovskii VV. Behavioral effects of corticoliberin and its analogues administered into brain ventriculi. Medical Academic Journal. 2005;5(3):59–67. EDN: VLHVOZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Mountjoy KG, Pro-Opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones, POMC-derived peptides, melanocortin receptors and obesity: how understanding of this system has changed over the last decade. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:406–418. doi: 10.1111/jne.12285</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J, Li X, Zhou Y. et al. The interaction of MC3R and MC4R with MRAP2, ACTH, α-MSH and AgRP in chickens. J Endocrinol. 2017;234:155–174. doi: 10.1530/JOE-17-0131</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Mountjoy KG. Distribution and function of melanocortin receptors within the brain. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;681:29–48. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gantz I, Fong TM. The melanocortin system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;284(3):468–474. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00434.2002 EDN: GKGSDV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Madonna ME, Schurdak J, Yang YK, et al. Agouti-related protein segments outside of the receptor binding core are required for enhanced short-and long-term feeding stimulation. ACS Chem Biol. 2012;7(2):395–402. doi: 10.1021/cb2003412</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Renquist BJ, Lippert RN, Sebag JA, et al. Physiological roles of the melanocortin MC3 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;660(1):13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.12.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Ng TF, Dawit K, Taylor AW. Melanocortin receptor agonists suppress experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res. 2022;218:108986. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108986 EDN: GHYAQH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Pandit R, Omrani A, Luijendijk MC, et al. Melanocortin 3 receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons increases the motivation for food reward. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(9):2241–2251. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bouret SG. Developmental programming of hypothalamic melanocortin circuits. Exp Mol Med. 2022;54(4):403–413. doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00625-8 EDN: JEJCHI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Kleinau G, Heyder NA, Tao YX, et al. Structural complexity and plasticity of signaling regulation at the melanocortin-4 receptor. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(16):5728. doi: 10.3390/ijms21165728 EDN: CJTQXH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Tomassoni D, et al. The melanocortin system behind the dysfunctional eating behaviors. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3502. doi: 10.3390/nu12113502 EDN: WQKCAH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, et al. Blockage of melanocortin-4 receptors by intranasal HS014 attenuates single prolonged stress-triggered changes in several brain regions. J Neurochem. 2014;131(6):825–835. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12847</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Sarkar S, Légrádi G, Lechan RM. Intracerebroventricular administration of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone increases phosphorylation of CREB in TRH- and CRH-producing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 2002;945(1):50–59. doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02619-7 EDN: AYBCNT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Liu J, Garza JC, Li W, et al. Melanocortin-4 receptor in the medial amygdala regulates emotional stress-induced anxiety-like behaviour, anorexia and corticosterone secretion. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(1):105–120. doi: 10.1017/S146114571100174X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Park S, Daily JW, Zhang X, et al. Interactions with the MC4R rs17782313 variant, mental stress and energy intake and the risk of obesity in genome epidemiology study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016;13:38. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0096-8 EDN: PKOJZO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Copperi F, Kim JD, Diano S. Melanocortin signaling connecting systemic metabolism with mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2022;91(10):879–887. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.026 EDN: IXWUVQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Chaffin AT, Fang Y, Larson KR, et al. Sex-dependent effects of MC4R genotype on HPA axis tone: implications for stress-associated cardiometabolic disease. Stress. 2019;22(5):571–580. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1610742 EDN: DCYGST</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kawashima N, Chaki S, Okuyama S. Electrophysiological effects of melanocortin receptor ligands on neuronal activities of monoaminergic neurons in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003;353(2):119–122. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.09.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Pyurveev SS, Sizov VV, Lebedev AA, et al. Registration of changes in the level of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry during stimulation of the zone of the ventral tegmentаl area, which also caused a self-stimulation. Russian Journal of Physiology. 2022;108(10):1316–1328 doi: 10.31857/S0869813922100107 EDN: HVMITZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Markov DD, Dolotov OV, Grivennikov IA. The melanocortin system: a promising target for the development of new antidepressant drugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6664. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076664 EDN: TYBDZU</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
