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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1683-4100</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-1875</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691622</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RCF691622</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cannabis, marijuana, hashish, natural and synthetic cannabinoids. Mechanism of action, drug addiction and associated risk factors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Каннабис, марихуана, гашиш, натуральные и синтетические каннабиноиды. Механизм действия, наркотическая зависимость и связанные с ней факторы риска</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-9463</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1613-9660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Urakov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ураков</surname><given-names>Александр Ливиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alurakov@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-499X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2396-1934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samorodov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самородов</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. Med., assistant professor, head, Department of Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой фармакологии</p></bio><email>avsamorodov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-183X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8333-8772</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lovtsova</surname><given-names>Lyubov V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ловцова</surname><given-names>Любовь Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Pharmacology), assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>lovcovalubov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1168-2871</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9607-0306</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseeva</surname><given-names>Inessa Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеева</surname><given-names>Инесса Яковлевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. каф. «Общая и клиническая фармакология»</p></bio><email>moiseeva_pharm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-6633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudrapal</surname><given-names>Mithun</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудрапал</surname><given-names>Митхун</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>drmr_pharma@vignan.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевская государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volga Medical Research University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Penza State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пензенский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology &amp; Research</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Школа биотехнологии и фармацевтических наук, Фонд науки, технологий и исследований Виньяна</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/691622">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/691622</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>It has been shown that the grass, stems, leaves and inflorescences of wild and cultivated cannabis contain cannabinoids, which, like synthetic cannabinoids, have a hallucinogenic effect. The continuing increase in the abuse of hallucinogens from the group of natural and synthetic cannabinoids among young people, the widespread use of cultivated and wild cannabis, as well as the medical use of cannabinoids as drugs in the treatment of cancer and mental disorders, pose a risk of developing mental dependence and the prevalence of drug addiction in society. It is indicated that among drug addicts and youth, the names cannabis, marijuana and hashish refer to drugs made from cannabis herb (Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica). Due to the fact that cannabinoids are not destroyed by high temperature (they do not burn in fire) and hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, they retain a hallucinogenic effect when inhaled as part of smoke and ingested as part of extracts. Most often, the cannabis is used to produce smoking mixtures known as spice, aroma mix, macon, as well as resin known as hashish. Hashish and the glandular trichomes of the flowering tops of female cannabis plants contain more cannabinoids than other cannabis plant products. It is indicated that inhalation of smoke from smoking mixtures into the body and enteral administration of liquid cannabis extract causes drug addicts to improve their mood and allow them to have fun. The main cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). It has been shown that after inhaling smoke with natural or synthetic cannabinoids, the narcotic effect in drug addicts begins to develop after 15-20 seconds, reaches its maximum value after 10-30 minutes and lasts up to 1-3 hours, but can be prolonged by repeated smoke inhalation (smoking). After ingestion of cannabinoids in effective doses, the narcotic effect can begin to develop after 30-60 minutes, after which it usually reaches a maximum after 1.5 – 2.0 hours and lasts up to 6 hours (sometimes longer). At the same time, a person experiences dizziness, weakness throughout the body, auditory and visual hallucinations, loses coordination in movements and the ability to think correctly.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Показано, что трава, стебли, листья и соцветия дикой и культивируемой конопли содержат каннабинолы, которые также, как синтетические каннабиноиды, обладают галлюциногенным эффектом. Сохраняющийся рост злоупотребления галлюциногенов из группы естественных и синтетических каннабиноидов среди молодежи, широкая распространенность культивируемой и дикой конопли, а также медицинское использование каннабиноидов в роли лекарств при лечении рака и психических расстройств сохраняют опасность развития психической зависимости и распространенности наркомании в обществе. Указывается, что среди наркоманов и молодежи под названиями конопля, марихуана и гашиш подразумеваются наркотики, приготовленные из травы конопли (Cannabis sativa или Cannabis indica). В связи с тем, что канабинноиды не разрушаются при действии высокой температуры (не горят в огне) и соляной кислоты желудочного сока, они сохраняют галлюциногенное действие при вдыхании в составе дыма и приеме внутрь в составе экстрактов. Чаще всего трава используется для производства курительных смесей, известных как спайс, арома микс, макона, а также смолы, которая известна под названием гашиш. Гашиш и железистые трихомы цветущих верхушек женских растений конопли содержат каннабиноидов больше, чем иные растительные продукты конопли. Указано, что ингаляционное введение в организм дыма от курительных смесей и энтеральное введение экстракта конопли вызывает у наркоманов улучшение настроения и позволяет им получать удовольствие. Основными каннабиноидами являются дельта-9-тетрагидроканнабинол (ТГК) и каннабидиол (КБР). Показано, что после вдыхания дыма с естественными или синтетическими каннабиноидами наркотический эффект у наркоманов начинает развиваться через 15 - 20 секунд, достигает максимального значения через 10 - 30 минут и продолжается до 1 - 3 часов, но может быть продлен при повторном вдыхании дыма (курении). После приема внутрь каннабиноидов в эффективно действующих дозах наркотическое действие может начать развиваться через 30-60 минут, после чего оно обычно достигает максимума через 1,5 – 2,0 часа и продолжается до 6 часов (иногда дольше). При этом человек испытывает головокружение, слабость во всем теле, слуховые и зрительные галлюцинации, теряет координацию движений и способность правильно мыслить.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>каннабиноиды, тетрагидроканнабинол, расстройства, связанные с употреблением каннабиса, психическое здоровье, физическое здоровье, мотивы, зависимость, марихуана, молодые люди.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol, сannabis use disorder, mental health, physical health, motive, addiction, marijuana, young adults.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Hill KP, Gold MS, Nemeroff CB, McDonald W, Grzenda A, et al. Risks and benefits of cannabis and cannabinoids in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;179(2):98-109. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21030320.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	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