<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1683-4100</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2542-1875</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">77304</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RCF192175-182</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Temperature, osmotic and acidic activity of infusion solutions as an integral part of their mechanism of action</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Температурная, осмотическая и кислотная активность инфузионных растворов как составная часть механизма их действия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4233-9550</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4858-1896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Urakova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уракова</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>urakoval@live.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевская государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-08-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-08-03"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-08-03"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Urakova N.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Уракова Н.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Urakova N.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Уракова Н.А.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/77304">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/77304</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A review of the literature shows that the physical-chemical properties of infusion solutions can be an integral part of the mechanism of their local action on the routes of administration. This new scientific and practical direction in clinical pharmacology was born at the end of the 20th century in Russia. Initially, it was found that isotonic solutions of glucose, mannitol, and sodium chloride with different temperatures have different local effects on the metabolism and viability of isolated biological objects such as mitochondria and blood plasma. At the same time, it was shown that increasing the temperature of solutions from +37 to +45°C accelerates the metabolism of these biological objects, increases their reactivity and enhances their response to the action of many drugs-activators of metabolism and function. And vice versa, lowering the temperature of these solutions from +37 to +20°C and below (up to 0°C) slows down their metabolism, reduces their reactivity, weakens their response to the action of drugs-activators of metabolism and function, and also increases survival in conditions of ischemia and hypoxia. These results allowed us to recommend warm infusion solutions as universal means of activating aerobic metabolism in tissues and the response of tissues to drugs with local physical-chemical action, and cold infusion solutions as universal means of inhibiting aerobic metabolism in tissues and increasing the resistance of tissues to the action of drugs on them. Following this, it was shown that many infusion solutions do not have isoosmotic activity, since the osmotic activity of drugs is not controlled. Therefore, one part of the solutions has hypotonic activity, and the other part has hypertonic activity. Therefore, sometimes the infusion solution can increase the hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic activity of the blood plasma. Then it was shown that the absolute majority of infusion solutions do not have a pH of 7.4. At the same time, very many infusion solutions have acidic activity, so they have an acidifying effect on the blood. The chronology of the development of inventions based on the achievements of the physical-chemical pharmacology of infusion agents is shown.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор литературы показывает, что физико-химические свойства инфузионных растворов могут являться составной частью механизма их локального действия на путях введения. Это новое научно-практическое направление в клинической фармакологии зародилось в конце XX в. в России. Первоначально было обнаружено, что изотонические растворы глюкозы, маннита и хлорида натрия с разной температурой оказывают разное местное действие на метаболизм и жизнеспособность таких изолированных биологических объектов, как митохондрии и плазма крови. При этом было показано, что повышение температуры растворов с 37 до 45 °С ускоряет метаболизм указанных биологических объектов, повышает их реактивность и усиливает их ответную реакцию на действие многих лекарств-активаторов обмена веществ и функции. И наоборот, понижение температуры этих растворов с 37 до 20 °С и ниже (вплоть до 0 °С) замедляет их метаболизм, понижает реактивность, ослабляет их ответную реакцию на действие лекарств-активаторов обмена веществ и функции, а также повышает выживаемость в условиях ишемии и гипоксии. Эти результаты позволили рекомендовать теплые инфузионные растворы как универсальные средства активации аэробного обмена веществ в тканях и ответной реакции тканей на лекарства, обладающие местным физико-химическим действием, а холодные инфузионные растворы — как универсальные средства угнетения аэробного обмена веществ в тканях и повышения устойчивости тканей к действию на них лекарств. Вслед за этим было показано, что многие инфузионные растворы не обладают изоосмотической активностью, поскольку осмотическая активность лекарств не контролируется. Следовательно одна часть растворов имеет гипотоническую активность, а другая часть — гипертоническую. Поэтому иногда инфузионный раствор способен усилить гипоосмотическую, либо гиперосмотическую активность плазмы крови. Затем было показано, что абсолютное большинство инфузионных растворов не имеет рН 7,4. При этом очень многие инфузионные растворы обладают кислотной активностью, поэтому оказывают закисляющее действие на кровь. Показана хронология разработки изобретений, основанных на достижениях физико-химической фармакологии инфузионных средств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>medications</kwd><kwd>history</kwd><kwd>pharmacology</kwd><kwd>infusion solutions</kwd><kwd>temperature</kwd><kwd>osmosis</kwd><kwd>acidity</kwd><kwd>alkalinity</kwd><kwd>side effect</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лекарства</kwd><kwd>история</kwd><kwd>фармакология</kwd><kwd>инфузионные растворы</kwd><kwd>температура</kwd><kwd>осмос</kwd><kwd>кислотность</kwd><kwd>щелочность</kwd><kwd>побочное действие</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabanov PD. Prominent Russian pharmacologist N.P. Kravkov and his contribution to the world pharmacology (in memoriam to 150 years from the birth). Reviews on clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. 2015;13(2):54–71. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/RCF13254-71</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабанов П.Д. Выдающийся русский фармаколог Н.П. Кравков и его вклад в мировую фармакологию (к 150-летию со дня рождения) // Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии. 2015. Т. 13, № 2. С. 54–71. DOI: 10.17816/RCF13254-71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marini-Bettolo GB. Pharmacopoeia as a pharmaceutical code for public health authorities. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1975;11(3–4): 254–268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marini-Bettolo G.B. Pharmacopoeia as a pharmaceutical code for public health authorities // Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1975. Vol. 11. No. 3–4. P. 254–268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov A, Urakova N, Nikolenko V, et al. The Real Osmotic and Acidic Activity of Modern Medicines in Medicinal Form «Solution for Injection», Including Solution 5 % Glucose: What We Overlook in Our Research. Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders. 2021;1(1):1–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A., Urakova N., Nikolenko V., et al. The Real Osmotic and Acidic Activity of Modern Medicines in Medicinal Form «Solution for Injection», Including Solution 5 % Glucose: What We Overlook in Our Research // Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders. 2021. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 1–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasatkin A, Urakov A, Nigmatullina A, Kopytov M. Balanced Crystalloid versus 0.9 % Sodium Chloride: What We Overlook in Our Research. Anesthesiology. 2021;134(2):353–354. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasatkin A., Urakov A., Nigmatullina A., Kopytov M. Balanced Crystalloid versus 0.9 % Sodium Chloride: What We Overlook in Our Research // Anesthesiology. 2021. Vol. 134. No. 2. P. 353–354. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martins RR, Silva LT, Lopes FM. Impact of medication therapy management on pharmacotherapy safety in an intensive care unit. Int J Clin Pharm 2019;41:179–188. DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0763-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martins R.R., Silva L.T., Lopes F.M. Impact of medication therapy management on pharmacotherapy safety in an intensive care unit // Int J Clin Pharm. 2019. Vol. 41. P. 179–188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-018-0763-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL. Medicines in pharmaceutical form «solution for injection» and the injection of drugs: advantages and limitations. Reviews on clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. 2019;17(2):79–84. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.7816/RCF17279-84</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л. Лекарства в фармацевтической форме «раствор для инъекций» и инъекционное введение лекарств: преимущества и ограничения // Обзоры по клинической фармакологии и лекарственной терапии. 2019. Т. 17, № 2. С. 79–84. DOI: 10.7816/RCF17279-84</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Dementyev VB, Urakova NA, et al. Clinical significance of physical-chemical processes determining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of post-injection diffusion of drug solutions in patient’s soft tissues. Chemical physics and mesoscopy. 2007;9(2):105–111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A.L., Dementyev V.B., Urakova N.A., et al. Clinical significance of physical-chemical processes determining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of post-injection diffusion of drug solutions in patient’s soft tissues // Химическая физика и мезоскопия. 2007. Т. 9, № 2. С. 105–111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Strelkov NS, Urakova NA, Benderskaya EYu. Fiziko-khimicheskie i biofizicheskie faktory postin»ektsionnoi agressivnosti rastvorov lekarstvennykh sredstv v infil’trirovannykh tkanyakh i sposoby predotvrashcheniya nekrozov. Patologicheskaya fiziologiya i ehksperimental’naya terapiya. 2010;(1):20–23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Стрелков Н.С., Уракова Н.А., Бендерская Е.Ю. Физико-химические и биофизические факторы постинъекционной агрессивности растворов лекарственных средств в инфильтрированных тканях и способы предотвращения некрозов // Патологическая физиология и экспериментальная терапия. 2010. № 1. С. 20–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Ushnurtsev SA, Zamost’yanova GB. O vliyanii gipotermii i antianginal’nykh preparatov s malonatpodobnym deistviem na glikoliz i okislitel’noe fosforilirovanie miokarda. Farmakologiya i toksikologiya. 1983;46(1):51–54. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Ушнурцев С.А., Замостьянова Г.Б. О влиянии гипотермии и антиангинальных препаратов с малонатподобным действием на гликолиз и окислительное фосфорилирование миокарда // Фармакология и токсикология. 1983. Т 46, № 1. С. 51–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Kravchuk AP. Vliyanie lokal’noi giper- i gipotermii na gemodinamiku i zhiznesposobnost’ ishemizirovannoi kishki. Grekov’s bulletin of surgery. 1987;138(3):43–45. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Кравчук А.П. Влияние локальной гипер- и гипотермии на гемодинамику и жизнеспособность ишемизированной кишки // Вестник хирургии им. И.И. Грекова. 1987. Т. 138, № 3. С. 43–45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Odiyankov EG, Odiyankov YuG, et al. Mestnaya gipotermiya v lechenii ostroi neprokhodimosti arterii konechnosti. Grekov’s bulletin of surgery. 1988;141(7):62–65. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Одиянков Е.Г., Одиянков Ю.Г., и др. Местная гипотермия в лечении острой непроходимости артерий конечности // Вестник хирургии им. И.И. Грекова. 1988. Т. 141, № 7. С. 62–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murav’ev MF, Odiyankov EG, Urakov AL, et al. Farmakokholodovaya terapiya pri tyazheloi khronicheskoi ishemii nizhnikh konechnostei. Pirogov russian journal of surgery. 1989;65(3):25–29. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муравьев М.Ф., Одиянков Е.Г., Ураков А.Л., и др. Фармакохолодовая терапия при тяжелой хронической ишемии нижних конечностей // Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 1989. Т. 65, № 3. С. 25–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL. Ispol’zovanie gipotermii dlya izyskaniya printsipial’nykh putei farmakologicheskoi zashchity miokarda ot povrezhdeniya v rannii period ostroi ishemii. Byulleten’ eksperimental’noj biologii i mediciny. 1984;97(4):512. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л. Использование гипотермии для изыскания принципиальных путей фармакологической защиты миокарда от повреждения в ранний период острой ишемии // Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 1984. Т. 97, № 4. С. 512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Pugach VN, Kravchuk AP, et al. Ispol’zovanie tepla i kholoda dlya regulyatsii krovotoka i podderzhaniya gemostaza vnutrennikh organov. Patologicheskaya fiziologiya i ehksperimental’naya terapiya. 1984;28(5):43–46. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Пугач В.Н., Кравчук А.П., и др. Использование тепла и холода для регуляции кровотока и поддержания гемостаза внутренних органов // Патологическая физиология и экспериментальная терапия. 1984. Т. 28, № 5. С. 43–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Baranov AG, Sutyagin SP, et al. Uluchshenie krovotoka v organakh i predotvrashchenie tromboobrazovaniya s pomoshch’yu kholoda. Byulleten’ eksperimental’noj biologii i mediciny. 1985;100(7):19–20. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Баранов А.Г., Сутягин С.П., и др. Улучшение кровотока в органах и предотвращение тромбообразования с помощью холода // Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 1985. Т. 100, № 7. С. 19–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flemmig J, Schlorke D, Kühne FW, Arnhold J. Inhibition of the heme-induced hemolysis of red blood cells by thechlorite-based drug WF10. Free Radic Res. 2016;50(12):1386–1395. DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1252838</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flemmig J., Schlorke D., Kühne F.W., Arnhold J. Inhibition of the heme-induced hemolysis of red blood cells by thechlorite-based drug WF10 // Free Radic Res. 2016. Vol. 50. No. 12. P. 1386–1395. DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1252838</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL. The change of physical-chemical factors of the local interaction with the human body as the basis for the creation of materials with new properties. Epitőanyag – Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials. 2015;67(1):2–6. DOI: 10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A.L. The change of physical-chemical factors of the local interaction with the human body as the basis for the creation of materials with new properties // Epitőanyag – Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials. 2015. Vol. 67, No. 1. P. 2–6. DOI: 10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov A, Urakova N. Rheology and physical-chemical characteristics of the solutions of the medicines. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2015;602:012043. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/602/1/01204</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A., Urakova N. Rheology and physical-chemical characteristics of the solutions of the medicines // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2015. Vol. 602. ID012043. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/602/1/01204</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL. Development of new materials and structures based on managed physical-chemical factors of local interaction. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2016;123:012008. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/123/1/012008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A.L. Development of new materials and structures based on managed physical-chemical factors of local interaction // IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2016. Vol. 123. ID012008. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/123/1/012008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasatkin AA, Urakov AL, Lukoyanov IA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs causing local inflammation of tissue at the site of injection. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2016;7(1):26–28. DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.179359</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasatkin A.A., Urakov A.L., Lukoyanov I.A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs causing local inflammation of tissue at the site of injection // Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2016. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. 26–28. DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.179359</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasatkin A, Urakov A. Why the drug solutions may cause inflammation at the injection site. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry: Open Access. 2017;7(4):78. DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.179359</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasatkin A., Urakov A. Why the drug solutions may cause inflammation at the injection site // Journal of Medicinal Chemistry: Open Access. 2017. Vol. 7. No. 4. P. 78. DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.179359</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Lovtsova LV, et al. Osmotic Activity and Safety of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Injection Medicinal Forms. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2018;81(10):15–19. DOI: 10.30906/0869-2092-2018-81-10-15-19 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Уракова Н.А., Ловцова Л.В., и др. Осмотическая активность и безопасность инъекционных форм нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов // Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2018. Т. 81, № 10. С. 15–19. DOI: 10.30906/0869-2092-2018-81-10-15-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sambandam SN, Rohinikumar GJ, Gul A, Mounasamy V. Intramuscular injection abscess due to VRSA: A new health care challenge. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2016;4(3):277–281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sambandam S.N., Rohinikumar G.J., Gul A., Mounasamy V. Intramuscular injection abscess due to VRSA: A new health care challenge // Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2016. Vol. 4. No. 3. P. 277–281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson KB, Egan TD, Kern SE, et al. Noah Syroid, Derek Whiddon, Ty Church; The Influence of Hemorrhagic Shock on Propofol: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(2):409–420. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200308000-00023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson K.B. Egan N.D., Kern S.E., et al. The Influence of Hemorrhagic Shock on Propofol: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis // Anesthesiology. 2003. Vol. 99. No. 2. P. 409–420. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200308000-00023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Samorodov AV, Kamilov FKh, et al. Dynamics of Thrombosis and Hemostasis System Indicators in Rats with Thrombosis of Inferior Vena Cava in Experiment as a Model for Preclinical Studies. Biomedical &amp; Pharmacology Journal. 2017;10(1):237–245. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A.L., Samorodov A.V., Kamilov F.Kh., et al. Dynamics of Thrombosis and Hemostasis System Indicators in Rats with Thrombosis of Inferior Vena Cava in Experiment as a Model for Preclinical Studies // Biomedical &amp; Pharmacology Journal. 2017. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 237–245. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Alyes MYu, et al. Physicochemical activity of solutions as an integral part of the mechanism of local drug action. Pharmacy. 2019;68(6):43–49. (In Russ.) DOI: 10/29296/25419218-2019-06-08</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ураков А.Л., Уракова Н.А., Альес М.Ю., и др. Физико-химическая активность растворов как составная часть механизма местного действия лекарств // Фармация. 2019. Т. 68, № 6. С. 43–49. DOI: 10/29296/25419218-2019-06-08</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Urakova NA, Urakova TV. Cold sodium chloride solution 0.9 % and infrared thermography can be an alternative to radiopaque contrast agents in phlebography. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2016;7(3):138–139. DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.189675</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A.L., Kasatkin A.A., Urakova N.A., Urakova T.V. Cold sodium chloride solution 0.9 % and infrared thermography can be an alternative to radiopaque contrast agents in phlebography // Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2016. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 138–139. DOI: 10.4103/0976-500X.189675</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Urakova NA. Сhanges the local temperature of venous blood and venous vessel walls as the basis for visualization of superficial veins in the infrared venography, using temperature-induced tissue contrast. In: Ng EYK, Etehadtavakol M (editors). Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences, Series in BioEngineering. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. P. 429–436. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2_2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A.L., Kasatkin A.A., Urakova N.A. Сhanges the local temperature of venous blood and venous vessel walls as the basis for visualization of superficial veins in the infrared venography, using temperature-induced tissue contrast. In: Ng E.Y.K., Etehadtavakol M. (editors). Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences, Series in BioEngineering. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2017. P. 429–436. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2_24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov A, Urakova N, Reshetnikov A. Oxygen alkaline dental’s cleaners from tooth plaque, food debris, stains of blood and pus: A narrative review of the history of inventions. Journal of International Society of Preventive &amp; Community Dentistry. 2019;9(5):427–433. DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_296_19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A., Urakova N., Reshetnikov A. Oxygen alkaline dental’s cleaners from tooth plaque, food debris, stains of blood and pus: A narrative review of the history of inventions // Journal of International Society of Preventive &amp; Community Dentistry. 2019. Vol. 9. No. 5. P. 427–433. DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_296_19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urakov A, Urakova N, Nikolenko V, et al. Current and emerging methods for treatment of hemoglobin related cutaneous discoloration: a literature review. Heliyon. 2021;7(1): e059542. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urakov A., Urakova N., Nikolenko V., et al. Current and emerging methods for treatment of hemoglobin related cutaneous discoloration: a literature review // Heliyon. 2021. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. e059542. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
