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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Family Doctor</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Family Doctor</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский семейный врач</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-1668</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2331</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">705164</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RFD705164</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HSHJEA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научный обзор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Diabetes mellitus and oral inflammatory diseases: clinical relevance of HbA1c level monitoring for the primary care physician</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сахарный диабет и воспалительные заболевания полости рта: клиническое значение контроля содержания гликированного гемоглобина для врача первичного звена здравоохранения</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4627-4727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmaletdinova</surname><given-names>Angelina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмалетдинова</surname><given-names>Ангелина Ралифовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gelya.gelya.00@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3864-4258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakupova</surname><given-names>Aliya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якупова</surname><given-names>Алия Аслидиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yakupova030303@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9492-8948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slepova</surname><given-names>Alyona A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слепова</surname><given-names>Алена Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>hatpostas@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0290-4625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chobanu</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чобану</surname><given-names>Дарья Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>misstyukk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9968-935X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iakovleva</surname><given-names>Valeriya D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлева</surname><given-names>Валерия Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yakovleva1600@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6447-4875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumachenko</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумаченко</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Ogneva-ri@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7473-4699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Basharina</surname><given-names>Elizaveta N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башарина</surname><given-names>Елизавета Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kodokushhii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0134-9094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimova</surname><given-names>Valeria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимова</surname><given-names>Валерия Маратовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Kalliostra1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0681-9094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravtsova</surname><given-names>Anastasia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравцова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nastyarevda2003@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9577-0485</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atieva</surname><given-names>Aminat B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атиева</surname><given-names>Аминат Бекхановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>atieva2411@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6525-4650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Musaeva</surname><given-names>Elina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусаева</surname><given-names>Элина Исламовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elina041214@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3793-5502</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonova</surname><given-names>Veronika Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонова</surname><given-names>Вероника Юрьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Sinelnikova68tmb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9142-6417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valeeva</surname><given-names>Karina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валеева</surname><given-names>Карина Эрнестовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>karina.valeevaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9222-1247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladimirova</surname><given-names>Kristina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владимирова</surname><given-names>Кристина Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kgorshkove@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Medical University named after N.N. Burdenko</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-29"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-22"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RFD/article/view/705164">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RFD/article/view/705164</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and oral inflammatory diseases are common and exhibit a bidirectional pathogenetic relationship, which is clinically important for primary care physicians. Hyperglycemia initiates a cascade of pathological processes, including endothelial dysfunction, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, dysbiosis, and a hyperinflammatory immune response. These factors contribute to the higher rates of periodontitis (43.7% vs. 25%), candidiasis, and xerostomia in patients with DM. HbA1c is a modifiable risk factor: levels &gt;8% are associated with increased risk of severe periodontitis and qualitative changes in the oral microbiota, whereas levels &lt; 7% reduce dental complication rates to a level comparable to that patients without confirmed DM. Treatment of periodontitis contributes to improved glycemic control (HbA1c reduction by 0.48%–0.53%), corroborating the concept of a bidirectional relationship. Nevertheless, dental screening by primary care physicians is infrequent: only 5.7% routinely take a dental history, and 12.1% refer patients to a dentist.</p> <p>This review synthesizes data on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the relationship between DM and oral inflammatory diseases, examines the role of HbA1c as a predictor of dental complications, and offers practical outpatient screening and referral recommendations. Regular flossing reduces the risk of periodontitis by 39% and lowers HbA1c by 0.30%, thereby confirming the potential for preventing dental complications in patients with DM. Promising directions include the development of standardized interdisciplinary protocols and training programs on oral examination for general practitioners, and integration of screening tools into primary care and dental practice. A comprehensive approach would shift care from isolated parameter monitoring to effective interdisciplinary DM management.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Сахарный диабет и воспалительные заболевания полости рта характеризуют широкая распространенность и двунаправленная патогенетическая связь, что имеет важное значение для врача первичного звена здравоохранения. Гипергликемия инициирует каскад патологических процессов, включающих нарушение функции эндотелия, накопление конечных продуктов гликирования, оксидативный стресс, дисбиоз и гипервоспалительный иммунный ответ, что обусловливает более высокую долю возникновения пародонтита (43,7 против 25%), кандидоза и ксеростомии у пациентов с сахарным диабетом. Содержание гликированного гемоглобина является модифицируемым фактором риска, поскольку значения выше 8% ассоциированы с повышением риска развития тяжелого пародонтита и качественными изменениями состава микробиоты полости рта, в то время как значения менее 7% позволяют снизить частоту стоматологических осложнений до уровня, сопоставимого с популяционным уровнем у пациентов без подтвержденного сахарного диабета. Лечение пародонтита способствует улучшению гликемического контроля (снижению содержания гликированного гемоглобина на 0,48–0,53%), что подтверждает концепцию двунаправленной связи. Вместе с тем в клинической практике врачей первичного звена отмечена низкая частота стоматологического скрининга, поскольку только 5,7% врачей регулярно собирают стоматологический анамнез, а 12,1% — рекомендуют обращение к стоматологу.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре обобщены данные о патогенетических механизмах взаимосвязи сахарного диабета и воспалительных заболеваний полости рта, проанализирована роль гликированного гемоглобина как предиктора стоматологических осложнений, а также предложены практические рекомендации по скринингу и маршрутизации пациентов на амбулаторном этапе. Продемонстрировано, что регулярное использование зубной нити позволяет снизить риск пародонтита на 39% и уменьшить содержание гликированного гемоглобина на 0,30%, что подтверждает высокий потенциал профилактики стоматологических осложнений у пациентов с сахарным диабетом. Перспективны разработка стандартизированных протоколов междисциплинарного ведения, интеграция скрининговых инструментов в практику врача первичного звена и стоматолога, а также внедрение образовательных программ по стоматологическому осмотру для врачей общей практики. Реализация комплексного подхода позволит перейти от изолированного контроля показателей к эффективному междисциплинарному ведению пациентов с сахарным диабетом.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>glycated hemoglobin</kwd><kwd>glycemic control</kwd><kwd>periodontitis</kwd><kwd>inflammatory oral diseases</kwd><kwd>interdisciplinary collaboration</kwd><kwd>primary healthcare</kwd><kwd>screening</kwd><kwd>general practitioners</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>гликированный гемоглобин</kwd><kwd>гликемический контроль</kwd><kwd>пародонтит</kwd><kwd>воспалительные заболевания полости рта</kwd><kwd>междисциплинарное взаимодействие</kwd><kwd>первичная медико-санитарная помощь</kwd><kwd>скрининг</kwd><kwd>врач общей практики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tuleutaeva ST, Ashirbekova ZZ, Ponamareva OA, Granko SA. 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