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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Family Doctor</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Family Doctor</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский семейный врач</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-1668</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2331</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706024</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/RFD706024</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CGIVBU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научный обзор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of the gut microbiome and the gut–lung axis in the allergic bronchial asthma: strategies for prevention and personalized therapy in primary care practice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль микробиома кишечника и оси кишечник–легкие при аллергической бронхиальной астме: стратегии профилактики и персонализированной терапии в практике врача первичного звена здравоохранения</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6451-2127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatunova</surname><given-names>Alena D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шатунова</surname><given-names>Алёна Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shatu-shatu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6082-8359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolaev</surname><given-names>Serafim V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермолаев</surname><given-names>Серафим Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sima_ermolaev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3427-7989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakirova</surname><given-names>Adelya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закирова</surname><given-names>Аделя Рифовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>adelazakirova144@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7671-113X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuklikhina</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куклихина</surname><given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mkuklikhina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6075-4754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekkemeeva</surname><given-names>Kseniya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эккемеева</surname><given-names>Ксения Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>die_gelassenheit@vk.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6301-1043</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>Yuliya E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>Юлия Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Marikki@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9758-0526</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maslov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>asimplesmile0@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7407-3812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bryk</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брык</surname><given-names>Ирина Вадимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>iribryk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0212-3292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusikova</surname><given-names>Amalia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусикова</surname><given-names>Амалия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>agusikova123@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8540-8465</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapushkina</surname><given-names>Aleksandra S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапушкина</surname><given-names>Александра Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alex4.lapushka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0211-5940</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baskhanov</surname><given-names>Zelimkhan R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басханов</surname><given-names>Зелимхан Русланович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>95bashanov200295@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3351-7678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumakova</surname><given-names>Sofia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумакова</surname><given-names>Софья Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ChumakovaSonya2003@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Polyclinic No. 7, Kazan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская поликлиника № 7, Казань</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-22"><day>22</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RFD/article/view/706024">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RFD/article/view/706024</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Allergic bronchial asthma is one of the most significant healthcare challenges, with high comorbidity with other atopic conditions, as reflected in the “unified airway” concept.</p> <p>This review focuses on the analysis of current evidence regarding the role of the gut–lung axis—a bidirectional communication system that integrates immunological, metabolic, and microbial interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiota and the respiratory system. The article thoroughly examines the influence of perinatal factors on early microbiome development, a critical period for immune maturation. Meta-analyses confirm that cesarean delivery, lack of breastfeeding, and early antibiotic use significantly increase asthma and atopic march risk.</p> <p>Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis contributes to Th2-mediated inflammation, including impaired short-chain fatty acids production, lymphocyte migration, and systemic circulation of proinflammatory cytokines.</p> <p>The article systematizes the evidence supporting the efficacy of microbiome-oriented prevention and therapy strategies. It has been established that specific probiotic strains, such as <italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</italic> HN001 and <italic>Bifidobacterium lactis </italic>Probio-M8, as well as bacterial lysates (OM-85), improve disease control and reduce the frequency of exacerbations. For primary care physicians, we define patient selection criteria for adjuvant therapy, including those with resistant asthma, gastrointestinal comorbidity, and recurrent respiratory infections. Dietary interventions, namely the Mediterranean diet and fiber intake (25–35 g/day), also show protective effects via immune modulation.</p> <p>Despite the absence of clear algorithms in current Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines, these data substantiate the need to integrate microbiome assessment and corresponding nutritional and metabolic corrections into routine clinical practice to improve allergic bronchial asthma management. The authors conclude that modification of early risk factors and personalized correction of microbiota composition open new prospects for primary prevention and personalized treatment of respiratory allergies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Аллергическая форма бронхиальной астмы представляет собой одну из наиболее значимых проблем современного здравоохранения, характеризуясь высокой частотой коморбидности с другими проявлениями атопии, что находит отражение в концепции единого дыхательного пути.</p> <p>Настоящий обзор посвящен анализу современных данных о роли оси кишечник–легкие — двунаправленной системы коммуникации, объединяющей иммунологические, метаболические и микробные механизмы взаимодействия между микробиотой желудочно-кишечного тракта и респираторной системой. В работе подробно рассмотрено влияние перинатальных факторов на формирование микробиома в раннем возрасте — критическом периоде для становления иммунной системы. На основе крупных метаанализов подтверждено, что такие факторы, как кесарево сечение, отсутствие грудного вскармливания и ранняя антибиотикотерапия, достоверно повышают риск развития бронхиальной астмы и атопического марша.</p> <p>Освещено, посредством каких механизмов кишечный дисбиоз способствует Th2-опосредованному воспалению, включая нарушение продукции короткоцепочечных жирных кислот, миграцию лимфоцитов и системную циркуляцию провоспалительных цитокинов.</p> <p>В статье систематизированы доказательства эффективности микробиом-ориентированных стратегий профилактики и терапии. Установлено, что применение специфических штаммов пробиотиков, таких как <italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</italic> HN001 и <italic>Bifidobacterium lactis</italic> Probio-M8, а также бактериальных лизатов (OM-85), способствует улучшению контроля заболевания и снижению частоты обострений. С практической точки зрения для врача первичного звена здравоохранения сформулированы критерии отбора пациентов для адъювантной терапии, включая группы с резистентной астмой, сопутствующей патологией желудочно-кишечного тракта и частыми респираторными инфекциями. Подчеркнута протективная роль диетических интервенций — средиземноморской диеты и потребления пищевых волокон по 25–35 г/сут, способствующих модуляции иммунного гомеостаза.</p> <p>Несмотря на отсутствие четких алгоритмов в действующих клинических рекомендациях Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), представленные данные обосновывают необходимость интеграции оценки микробиома и соответствующих нутритивно-метаболических коррекций в рутинную клиническую практику для повышения эффективности ведения пациентов с аллергической бронхиальной астмой. Авторы заключают, что модификация ранних факторов риска и персонализированная коррекция состава микробиоты открывают новые перспективы в области первичной профилактики и персонализированного лечения респираторной аллергии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>gut microbiome</kwd><kwd>gut–lung axis</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>prebiotics</kwd><kwd>dietary therapy</kwd><kwd>personalized therapy</kwd><kwd>primary healthcare</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>микробиом кишечника</kwd><kwd>ось кишечник–легкие</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>пребиотики</kwd><kwd>диетотерапия</kwd><kwd>персонализированная терапия</kwd><kwd>первичная медико-санитарная помощь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rogliani P, Laitano R, Ora J, et al. 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