Russian Family DoctorRussian Family Doctor2072-16682713-2331Eco-Vector775510.17816/RFD2017429-35Research ArticleDevelopment of reference ranges of handgrip strength among healthy adults 65+ in Northwest Russia: a prospective population-based cohort Crystal studyTurushevaAnna V.<p>PhD, MD, assistant professor of the Department of Family Medicine</p>anna.turusheva@gmail.comFrolovaElena V.<p>DSc, professor of the Department of Family Medicine</p>elena.frolova@szgmu.ruDegryseJean-Marie<p>MD, PhD, professor</p>jan.degryse@kuleuven.beNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovInstitute of Health and Society of Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care15122017214293524012018Copyright © 2017, Turusheva A.V., Frolova E.V., Degryse J.2017<p><strong>Objectives</strong>. This paper sought to provide normative values for grip strength among older adults 65+ across different age groups in northwest Russia.</p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong>. A population-based prospective cohort study of 611 community-dwelling individuals 65+. Grip strength was measured using the standard protocol applied in the Groningen Elderly Tests. The cut-off thresholds for grip strength were defined separately for men and women of different ages using a weighted polynomial regression.</p>
<p><strong>Results and conclusions</strong>. 1. This study presents age- and sex-specific reference values for grip strength in the 65+ Russian population derived from a prospective cohort study. 2. The grip strength values obtained in the current study were lower than those reported in other population-based studies in Europe and USA.</p>grip strengthage-related reference intervalselderly and older adultsdynamometryсила сжатия кистивозрастные нормыпожилые и старые людикистевая динамометрия[1. Norman K, Stobäus N, Gonzalez MC, et al. Hand grip strength: outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status. Clin Nutr. 2011;30(2):135-142. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.09.010.][2. Баранов А.А., Кучма В.Р., Скоблина Н.А. Физическое развитие детей и подростков на рубеже тысячелетий. – М.: Издатель Научный центр здоровья детей РАМН, 2008. – C. 216. [Baranov AA, Kuchma VR, Skoblina NA. Fizicheskoe razvitie detey i podrostkov na rubezhe tysyacheletiy. Moscow: Izdatel’ Nauchnyy tsentr zdorov’ya detey RAMN; 2008. P. 216. (In Russ.)]][3. Bohannon RW, Bear-Lehman J, Desrosiers J, et al. Average grip strength: a meta-analysis of data obtained with a Jamar dynamometer from individuals 75 years or more of age. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2007;30(1):28-30.][4. Gurina NA, Frolova EV, Degryse JM. A roadmap of aging in Russia: the prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older adults in the St. Petersburg district – the “Crystal” study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011:59(6):980-988.][5. Bohannon RW, Peolsson A, Massy-Westropp N, et al. Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2006;92(1):11-15. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2005.05.003.][6. Frederiksen H, Hjelmborg J, Mortensen J, et al. Age trajectories of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal data among 8,342 Danes aged 46 to 102. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(7):554-562. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.10.006.][7. Xue QL, Beamer BA, Chaves PH, et al. Heterogeneity in rate of decline in grip, hip, and knee strength and the risk of all-cause mortality: the Women’s Health and Aging Study II. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(11):2076-2084. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03154.x.][8. Roberts HC, Denison HJ, Martin HJ, et al. A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):423-429. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afr051.][9. Fried L, Tangen C, Walston J, et al.; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):146-156. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146.][10. Sallinen J, Stenholm S, Rantanen T, et al. Hand-grip strength cut points to screen older persons at risk for mobility limitation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(9):1721-1726. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03035.x.][11. Alfaro-Acha A, Al Snih S, Raji MA, et al. Handgrip strength and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;(61):859-865.][12. Cuesta-Vargas A, Hilgenkamp T. Reference Values of Grip Strength Measured with a Jamar Dynamometer in 1526 Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Compared to Adults without Intellectual Disability. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0129585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129585.][13. Luna-Heredia E, Martín-Peña G, Ruiz-Galiana J. Handgrip dynamometry in healthy adults. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(2):250-258. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.10.007.][14. Werle S, Goldhahn J, Drerup S, et al. Age- and gender-specific normative data of grip and pinch strength in a healthy adult Swiss population. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(1):76-84. doi: 10.1177/1753193408096763.][15. Mohammadian M, Choobineh A, Haghdoost A, Hasheminejad N. Normative data of grip and pinch strengths in healthy adults of Iranian population. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(8):1113-1122.][16. Peters MJ, van Nes SI, Vanhoutte EK, et al.; PeriNomS Study group. Revised normative values for grip strength with the Jamar dynamometer. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2011;16(1):47-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00318.x.][17. Kriketos AD, Pan DA, Lillioja S, et al. Interrelationships between muscle morphology, insulin action, and adiposity. Am J Physiol. 1996;270(6 Pt 2):1332-1339.][18. Keevil VL, Luben R, Dalzell N, et al. Cross-sectional associations between different measures of obesity and muscle strength in men and women in a British cohort study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015;19(1):3-11. doi: 10.1007/s12603-014-0492-6.][19. Wennie Huang WN, Perera S, VanSwearingen J, Studenski S. Performance measures predict onset of activity of daily living difficulty in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(5):844-852. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02820.x.]